Due to the often practised uncontrolled disposal into the environment, olive oil production wastewater (OPWW) is presently a serious environmental problem in Palestine and Israel. The objectives of this interdisciplinary trilateral research project are (i) to understand the mechanisms of influence of the olive oil production wastewater on soil wettability, water storage, interaction with organic agrochemicals and pollutants; (ii) monitor short-term and long-term effects of OPWW land application in model laboratory and field experiments; (iii) identify the components responsible for unwanted changes in soil properties and (iv) analyse the mechanisms of association of OPWW OM with soil, the interplay between climatic conditions, pH, presence of multivalent cations and the resulting effects of land application. Laboratory incubation experiments, field experiments and new experiments to study heat-induced water repellency will be conducted to identify responsible OPWW compounds and mechanisms of interaction. Samples from field experiments and laboratory experiments are investigated using 3D excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-DSC-MS), LC-MS and GC-MS analyses. We will combine thermal decomposition profiles from OPWW and OPWW-treated soils in dependence of the incubation status using TGA-DSC-MS, contact angle measurements, sorption isotherms and the newly developed time dependent sessile drop method (TISED). The resulting process understanding will open a perspective for OPWW wastewater reuse in small-scale and family-scale olive oil production busi-nesses in the Mediterranean area and will further help to comprehend the until now not fully un-ravelled effects of wastewater irrigation on soil water repellency.
Durch Beimischung von Klaerschlamm zum thermisch gereinigten Boden werden dem inerten Material wichtige Organismen und Naehrstoffe zugefuehrt, welche den Einsatz des Bodens als Rekultivierungsschicht ermoeglichen. Ein negativer Aspekt dieses Verfahrens ist allerdings die haeufig sehr hohe Schadstoffbelastung (insbesondere Schwermetalle) des Klaerschlamms. Wesentlich ist hierbei die Mobilitaet der Schadstoffe, dh, ob diese pflanzenverfuegbar sind bzw ins Grundwasser ausgewaschen werden koennen. Eine eventuelle Festlegung an den Bodenmineralen wird in Laboruntersuchungen studiert.
Für die unterirdische Verlegung der Energiesysteme soll auf Basis der grundlegenden Erkenntnisse aus dem Förderprojekt. Kompakte Systeme für HGÜ AnwendungenM (DCCoS) eine Gleichstromübertragungstechnik für hohe Leistungen entwickelt werden. Im Teilvorhaben 'Erfassung und Modellierung der Wechselwirkung DCCTL/Boden' werden die mechanischen Beanspruchungen der thermisch belasteten DCCTL-Rohre im Boden in Abhängigkeit von den Rohr-Bettungsmaterialien, insbesondere Flüssigboden, ermittelt. Dazu werden umfangreiche mechanische und thermische Untersuchungen an Bettungsmaterialien durchgeführt, um geeignete Materialien und Rezepturen für die Erdverlegung der DCCTL zu ermitteln. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich im Sinne des Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetzes sowie aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit und des Umweltschutzes auf die beim Trassenbau ausgehobenen Böden, die direkt auf der Baustelle aufbereitet und für die Verfüllung des DCCTL-Rohrgrabens/-trasse wiederverwendet werden, wie dies z.B. bei Flüssigbodenverfahren erfolgt. Zunächst werden für ausgewählten Bodenarten Grundrezepte eines thermisch stabilisierten Flüssigbodens ermittelt, mit dem die gewünschten Eigenschaften an die Flüssigboden-Bettung der DC CTL-Rohre erzielt werden. Diese Flüssigböden werden in umfangreichen klein- und großmaßstäblichen Laborversuchen hinsichtlich Steifigkeit, Festigkeit, Durchlässigkeit, etc. und anschließend auf ihre Scher- und Haftfestigkeiten an der Kontaktfläche Rohr/ Boden untersucht, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf das Verhalten der Flüssigboden unter Aufwärmung am DCCTL gelegt wird. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen wird das Stoffverhalten abgeleitet und in Rechenprogramme implementiert, so dass eine erdstatische Bemessung der DCCTL möglich wird. Ergänzend werden Empfehlungen für baubegleitende Prüfungen und Kontrollen erarbeitet.
Soil compaction caused by passage of logging machinery reduces the soil air capacity. Changed abiotic factors might induce a change in the soil microbial community and favour organisms capable of tolerating anoxic conditions. Aerated soils that are shifted to anoxia can produce the greenhouse gases methane and N2O. For example, methanogenesis is the dominating electron-accepting process during the anaerobic oxidation of organic matter. Thus, the prolonged compaction of forest soils might enhance greenhouse gas-producing microbial activities and lead to a gradual, quantitative shift in the occurrence and activities of associated prokaryotes. This shift might be of general importance, because heavy machinery is increasingly used for logging activities. Aims: The goals of this study were to resolve differences between soil microbial communities obtained from wheel-tracks (i.e. compacted) and their adjacent undisturbed sites, and to evaluate differences in potential anaerobic microbial activities of these contrasting soils. Special emphasis will be given to organisms which are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide, methane) after soil compaction. Methods: Characterization of microbial communities with molecular tools (T-RFLP fingerprinting, DGGE, cloning and sequencing); Quantification of functional genes (quantitative PCR); Soil Microbial Measurements (C-mineralization, respiration, microbial biomass C).
Ziel des Projektes war die Entwicklung und Bewertung forstbetrieblicher Behandlungsstrategien und Steuerungsmöglichkeiten für die chemische Bachwasserqualität zur langfristigen Trink-und Grundwasserversorgung im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Wasserversorgung. In der Fallstudie Conventwald wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Baumartenzusammensetzungen und unterschiedlicher flächiger Hiebsmaßnahmen untersucht. Im Gebiet der Kleinen Kinzig sollte die Wirkung der Waldkalkung auf die Hydrosphäre untersucht werden. In den dortigen Buntsandstein-Einzugsgebieten ist das Abflussgeschehen vom oberflächennahen Deckschichtenabfluss dominiert. Im Gebiet der Kleinen Kinzig zeigte sich auf den nicht gekalkten Flächen eine deutlich stärker fortgeschrittene Versauerung. Dies zeigte sich sowohl bei den Basenvorräten im Boden als auch beim gewässerchemischen Status des Vorfluters.
The aim of this research project is to establish the basis for deriving a consistent set of probabilistic models for strength and stiffness related timber material properties and to calibrate corresponding partial safety factors such that the level of structural reliability for timber structures is equivalent to the safety of concrete and steel structures. This seen in the light of the ongoing revision of the national Swiss codes for the design of structures. CONCLUSIONS/PERSPECTIVES: The statistical characteristics of strength related short term timber material properties are assessed and treated in consistency with the implemented quality control and selection for grading procedures. The suggested probabilistic modelling seems to provide the required framework for establishing a basis for codification of design and assessment by means of quantifying the efficiency of the different quality control and selection for grading procedures. It is envisaged that different quality control and selection for grading procedures may be described by means of their regression characteristics and probability of acceptance curves corresponding to different grading criteria. It also has been demonstrated how an optimal (in terms of monetary benefit) set of timber grades can be identified through the solution of an optimization problem. An approach for the probabilistic modeling of the effect of load duration is presented. The method is exemplified for calibrating the design code short term strength modification factor kmod for different characteristics of the applied loading process. The considered damage model takes basis in fracture mechanical considerations and is able to take both creep and fatigue effects into account. The damage model is calibrated against duration of load tests. Furthermore, the damage model has been investigated and compared with a simpler model not including the effect of fatigue. A proposal for a proper representation of the duration of load effect in the probabilistic model code of the Joint Committee on Structural Safety will be subject of further investigations.
Im Zuge eines 3 monatigen Glashaus Inkubationsexperiments wird der Einsatz von Branntkalk zur Melioration von Böden und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Bodenmikrobiologie erfasst. Zur Kontrolle werden jeweils unbehandelte Böden, sowie Böden die mit Calciumcarbonat behandelt wurden (um den reinen pH-Effekt zu verfolgen) herangezogen. Die Probenahme erfolgt zu Beginn der Applikation, nach einem Monat und nach 3 Monaten. Die mikrobiologische Aktivität wird anhand der Bestimmung von Cellulase, Chitinase, Protease, Peroxidase, Phosphatase und Phenoloxidase bestimmt, während die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung anhand von Phospholipidfettsäuren bestimmt wird. Zusätzlich werden mikrobieller Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff sowie die Konzentrationen von Ammonium und Nitrat erfasst. Die Analysen werden in zwei verschiedenen Bodentiefen durchgeführt.
Research of B3 revealed that in two different soils repeatedly treated with sulfadiazine (SDZ)-containing manure, resistance gene (sul1, sul2) copies significantly increased compared to treatments with antibiotic-free manure or control, and accumulated with repeated applications. Under field conditions, the transferability of SDZ resistance was significantly increased in plots treated with manure originating from pigs medicated with SDZ. Transfer frequencies were higher in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil. The effects of SDZ-containing manure on the abundance of sul genes in the rhizosphere of maize and grass varied between different sampling times supposedly due to climatic factors. We hypothesize that drying and re-wetting cause shifts of nutrient availability, plant exudation and bio accessible pore space, and that these shifts influence the effects of SDZ on abundance and transfer of resistance genes in soil microbial communities. In order to elucidate the effects of drying-rewetting and temperature and to clarify this missing link, the abundance of sul genes and their transferability will be investigated in samples taken from rhizosphere and rhizoplane of grass from the central field and laboratory experiments with manipulated drying and wetting cycles. Pyrosequencing of the transferable resistome in manure-treated soils will provide unique insights into plasmid diversity and other antibiotic resistance genes co-selected by SDZ.
The purpose of the proposed research project is to develop a new nonlocal and hybrid cumulus parameterization (NHCP) scheme for use in nonhydrostatic numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. NHCP will be based on a mass flux approach. By implementing NHCP in a NWP model the following forecast skills shall be improved: i) spatial and temporal distribution of convective clouds and precipitation, ii) stratiform precipitation as induced by convective overturning, iii) subgrid-scale peak values of convective precipitation, iv) mesoscale organization of cumulus convection. The nonlocal character of the NHCP scheme is given by the fact that the evolving cumulus cloud will not be fixed to a particular grid point, instead it may be transported over several grid points so that cloud mass fluxes are locally not balanced. Furthermore, cumulus convection will be treated in a hybrid way, that is only parts of a cumulus convection event will be parameterized, certain cloud processes will be directly considered in the dynamic model. During the first two years of the proposed research the principle core of the NHCP scheme shall be developed.
Phosphorus and nitrogen are valuable and should not be wasted or even worse recycled to the environment. An important resource in the sludge is nutrients which can be utilized through using sludge as fertilizer in the agriculture. Wastewater and excreta contain valuable nutrients that can be used in agriculture and aquaculture. Most of the nutrients, like phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N), that a person consumes end up in the excreta. Nutrients are needed in developing countries as much as developed ones. Therefore, they should not be wasted. In nature there is no waste, all products of living things are used as raw materials by others (Esrey et al, 1998). Ecological sanitation systems (also called ecosan') are closed-loop systems, which treat human excreta as a resource. In this system, excreta are processed on site until they are free of pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Afterwards, sanitized excreta are recycled by using them for agricultural purposes. Key features of ecosan are therefore: - prevention of pollution and disease caused by human excreta; - treatment of human excreta as a resource rather than as a waste product; and - recovery and recycling of the nutrients. The problem of nutrient recovery from municipal sewage or excess sludge is not a new problem. In the literature, several papers have addressed the recovery of ammonia or phosphate from industrial and domestic wastewater, but not much with black water. So far many attempts have been made to control the process of self-deposition and recover nutrients as a fertilizer, which can be used directly for agricultural purposes as ecological sanitation advises. The aim of this research project is to find out further treatment methods of digested black water for extraction of valuable nutrients and convert them to dry matter and find solutions for dense urban areas and make usable compounds easier transportable.
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