API src

Found 3 results.

Related terms

The importance of local habitat fragmentation versus landscape composition for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes - FRAGMENT

Das Projekt "The importance of local habitat fragmentation versus landscape composition for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes - FRAGMENT" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART.The loss and fragmentation of semi-natural habitats are a major threat to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, with potential negative consequences for the biological control of pest insects and pollination of crop plants. As habitat loss and fragmentation usually occur together, most existing studies have examined only their combined effect. While habitat loss usually has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity, the effect of fragmentation per se is little known. Habitat isolation, expressed as the distance to neighbouring habitat patches, is one aspect of habitat fragmentation that is expected to reduce biodiversity. Habitat loss can be expressed as the change of landscape composition, i.e. the reduction of the share of a landscape covered by suitable habitat. The proposed study differentiates between the effect of habitat isolation and landscape composition on biodiversity, pollination and pest control. To this end we planted groups of young cherry trees as standardised habitat patches in 2008, which will be the study sites for 2010 - 2012.Thirty groups of seven trees were established along a gradient of landscape composition. The percentage of woody habitats ranges from 3.6 to 74.2Prozent within 500 m radius around the sites. Independent of this gradient in landscape composition, the study sites have three levels of habitat isolation: Ten of the sites are located at the edge of dense and tall-growing forest to represent no isolation from native habitat. Another 10 sites are connected to small-sized woody habitats such as hedgerows or single trees. The remaining 10 sites are isolated from any woody habitat by at least 100 m distance. Diversity, density and parasitism of arthropods are recorded and analysed with respect to habitat isolation and landscape composition. In addition, experiments are conducted in the field to quantify the influence of predators and parasitoids on black cherry aphids. Further, we study flower visitation and pollination success of the cherry trees. The two ecosystem services aphid control and pollination are analysed with respect to habitat isolation and landscape composition. As the planted cherry trees will be followed over five years, we will be able to test the influence of habitat age on effects of habitat isolation and landscape composition.

Evolutionary ecology of floral signals and pollinator specificity in plants

Das Projekt "Evolutionary ecology of floral signals and pollinator specificity in plants" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Agrarwissenschaften, Departement Biologie.Plants grow in complex ecological networks, and show finely tuned adaptations to attact mutualists such as pollinators, and deter enemies such as herbivores. To do so, plants use volatile signals (BVOCs biogenic volatile organic compounds) that are emitted from vegetative (e.g. leaves) or flowers. Leaf volatiles are often thought to be involved in defense, whereas floral volatiles are traditionally interpreted as attractants for pollinators. However, recent studies have shown that floral scent may as well be involved in defending reproductive structures against antagonists. This can be achieved by emitting repellent compounds from flowers. The obvious need of plants to attract pollinators to flowers on the one hand, and to defend flowers on the other hand, puts them into a dilemma. Such signaling dilemma or trade-offs suggest optimal fitness outcomes may be a compromise between attraction (pollinators, parasitoids) and deterrence (herbivores); a key factor selecting for differential signaling may thus be the abundance and species identity of these interacting organisms in a given habitat. Signaling conflicts may also differ among pollination systems, e.g. when pollinators are also herbivores (moth pollination), attracting an herbivore is unavoidable for pollination. Under strong herbivore attack, however, plants may even switch pollination system by changing BVOC signaling to escape the herbivore pressure. This particular project will focus on ecological and evolutionary aspects of flower signaling to pollinators and the impact of novel herbivores on this mutualism. Up till now, we know surprisingly little about how herbivore induced changes in floral volatiles (HICFV) and the resulting change in flower attractiveness to pollinators. This IP will investigate HICFV after attack of established and novel herbivores (both on shoots and roots) and its molecular basis and variability. Lastly, natural selection on HICFV will be studied in populations with and without invasive herbivores, to asses their impact on the evolution of this key plant signaling trait and model future evolutionary change.

Populationsdynamik von Epiphyten

Das Projekt "Populationsdynamik von Epiphyten" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Institut für Botanik.Epiphyten, Pflanzen die auf Bäumen wachsen ohne an diesen zu parasitieren und ohne Wurzelkontakt zum Boden, sind typische Elemente tropischer Regenwälder und tragen wesentlich zu deren Diversität bei. Da sie, wenn sie zu Boden fallen, kaum überleben, hängt ihr Lebenszyklus stark von dem der sie tragenden Bäume und Äste ab. Zudem stellt ihr Lebensraum, die Kronenregion des Waldes, ein heterogenes und strukturiertes Habitat dar, mit starken Unterschieden in Mikroklima, Substrat auf den Ästen und deren Stabilität, was zu einer deutlichen Zonierung in der Verteilung der Epiphyten führt. Im Laufe ihres Lebenszyklus müssen Pflanzen bestäubt werden, Samen produzieren und diese müssen auf geeigneten Ästen landen und keimen. Wachstums- und Überlebensraten bestimmen die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der die Pflanze später selbst Blüten produzieren wird. Alle diese Faktoren sind von Art zu Art unterschieden, können aber auch von der Position einer Pflanze innerhalb des Baumes abhängen. Letztendlich bestimmen Überleben, Wachstum, Vermehrung und Samenverbreitung selbst die Verteilung der Pflanzen innerhalb des Baumes. Das beantragte Projekt soll den Zusammenhang zwischen der Verteilung der Pflanzen in den Kronen und den Lebenszyklen einiger Orchideen und Bromelien in einem humiden Bergwald in Mexiko untersuchen. Populationsgenetische Analysen sollen feststellen, wieweit die räumlichen Verteilung der Individuen, die teils sehr heterogen ist, mit deren genetischer Distanz zusammenhängt. Die untersuchten Zusammenhänge werden in Populationsmodelle integriert, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der Populationsdynamik von Epiphyten und letztendlich der Struktur und Dynamik im Kronenraum beitragen sollen. Dies ist auch von Bedeutung, wenn die Aussichten einzelner Arten in vom Menschen veränderten Lebensräumen abgeschätzt werden sollen.

1