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Graduiertenkolleg 1024: Interdisziplinäre Umweltgeschichte - Naturale Umwelt und gesellschaftliches Handeln in Mitteleuropa, Projektbereich C: Konflikte um naturale Grundstoffe vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert - D2: Medizinische Topographien, städtebauliche Entwicklungen und die Gesundheit der Einwohner urbaner Räume im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert

Medizinische Topographien des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts sind u. a. Beschreibungen urbaner Lebensräume, ihrer naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten, häufig auftretender Krankheiten, der Lebensweise und des Gesundheitszustandes der Einwohner. Die von Medizinern verfassten Beschreibungen der menschlichen Umwelt, das Aufdecken von Missständen und die Ableitung von Empfehlungen wurde als bedeutend für die gesundheitliche Entwicklung angesehen. Während die medizinischen Ortsbeschreibungen in ihrer Theorie umwelthistorisch erschlossen sind (Hennig), fehlt die Untersuchung ihrer praktischen Relevanz. Deswegen wird ein möglicher direkter oder indirekter Zusammenhang zwischen den Empfehlungen der medizinischen Topographien und anderer medizinischer Aufklärungsschriften, städtebaulichen Entwicklungen und Reaktionen innerhalb der Gesundheitspolitik untersucht. Falls keine auf Empfehlungen medizinischer Topographien beruhenden städtebaulichen Entwicklungen nachzuweisen sind, wird geprüft, welche Gründe die praktische Umsetzung der Vorschläge verhinderten. Als Untersuchungsraum wurden die Städte Berlin und Hamburg gewählt. Zu beiden Städten gibt es medizinische Topographien mit aussagekräftigen Empfehlungen. Außerdem fand in beiden Räumen ein außergewöhnliches Flächen- und Bevölkerungswachstum statt, das stadtplanerische Überlegungen erforderte. Der Untersuchungszeitraum liegt zwischen 1750-1850.

Assessment of genetic diversity of legumes in the highlands of Northern Vietnam for genetic resource conservation and sustainable landuse

Increasing population pressure is leading to unsustainable land use in North Vietnamese highlands and destruction of natural habitats. The resulting loss of biodiversity includes plant genetic resources - both wild (= non-cultivated) species and cultivated landraces - adapted to local conditions, and local knowledge concerning the plants. A particularly important group among endangered plants are the legumes (1) because Southeast Asia is a major centre of genetic diversity for this family, and (2) because the potential contribution of legumes to sustainable land use is, due to their multifunctionality (e.g., soil improvement, human and livestock nutrition), especially high. The project aims to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources of legumes with an integrated approach wherein a series of components are combined: (1) A participatory, indigenous knowledge survey complemented by information from the literature; (2) germplasm collection missions (for ex situ conservation) complemented by field evaluation and seed increase; (3) genetic diversity analysis of selected material by molecular markers; and (4) GIS based analysis of generated data to identify areas of particular genetic diversity as a basis for land area planning and in situ preservation recommendations. Project results are expected to be also applicable to similar highlands in Southeast Asia.

Sources and Sinks of short-lived radium isotopes in the southern North Sea: Implications for the system functioning and budget estimates

Continued population growth increases the demand for space and resources, which in turn enhances anthropogenic pressure on coastal seas. Biotic and abiotic ecosystem understanding in a wider context is essential for effective management of stakeholder interests. This study is a synthesis of recent findings based on short-lived radium isotopes in the shelf ocean North Sea and uses the isotopes to quantify relevant sources and sinks in biogeochemical cycles in the coastal sea in order to enhance system understanding. We improve upon the previously designed box model for the southern North Sea by Burt et al. [2014], using a denser data coverage for nearshore areas. Specifically, the updated model considers decay-supported desorbable Ra from suspended particles and input from submarine groundwater discharge. The model quantified a total of five source terms for Ra: the Wadden Sea, rivers, desorption from suspended particles in the water column, submarine groundwater discharge from beach systems, and porewater exchange at North Sea bottom sediments; whereas considered losses are radioactive decay and mixing with the open North Sea. The mass balance reveals that porewater exchange, e.g., ripple flow, significantly dominates the total short-lived Ra isotope discharge to the southern North Sea. An eddy diffusion based Ra approach was not successful to quantify submarine groundwater discharge from beach systems, due to other major inputs of Ra isotopes from the adjacent Wadden Sea and river discharge, superimposing the minor submarine groundwater discharge from beaches.

Larval survival and development of Carcinus maenas from Norway and Spain reared in a laboratory experiment

Larval and adult stages of marine species with complex life cycles often differ in thermal tolerance, with larvae typically showing narrower thermal tolerance limits. To assess how such stage-specific differences may influence species' range dynamics under climate change, we quantified larval performance of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas across an environmental temperature gradient. We measured larval survival rates (%) from hatching to metamorphosis to megalopa and the duration of development (days) at seven constant-temperature treatments (9-27 °C, in 3 °C increments). Data represent experimental observations of larval performance under laboratory conditions and are reported at the level of replicates by females of each population. Replication was performed on two levels: 5 * 10 larvae were reared per female, and 4 to 6 females were used per population. Larvae originated from berried females collected from populations at the southern and northern parts of the native European distribution (Vigo, Spain; Bergen and Trondheim, Norway). The data were collected during one reproductive period in 2022. We aimed to test the hypothesis that larvae from northern populations are more tolerant to low temperatures, while southern populations exhibit increased tolerance to high temperatures, which would facilitate poleward range expansion under warming conditions. Our results show that larvae from Spain displayed slightly higher survival rates to megalopa at warmer temperatures compared to those from northern populations. However, little variation in tolerance was observed between northern Spain and Norway, with low survival at the temperature extremes (9 °C and 27 °C). Notably, larvae from Norway exhibited faster development at low temperatures.

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field experiment: Aphidoidea data

Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).

Ecosystem functions of rare arable plants - field study: Aphidoidea data

Taken from materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.003: Aphids were counted on 50 randomly selected shoots in two crop rows (100 shoots in total) per plot and sampling round. To reduce edge effects, rows with less than 20 cm to the edge were excluded. Counting took place twice a year, that is, once during crop flowering (BBCH 61; beginning of aphid population growth) and once during crop milk ripening stage (BBCH 75).

Erhaltung der Biodiversität in Schutzgebieten und Agrarwirtschaft in Westafrika in Zeiten des Klimawandels

Dem Bericht über die menschliche Entwicklung 2020 des United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) folgend sind 13 von 15 Nationen Westafrikas der niedrigsten Entwicklungsstufe zuzuordnen. Mit dieser Situation gehen verringerte Anpassungskapazitäten einher hinsichtlich der Herausforderungen, die der Klimawandel in der Region mit sich bringen wird. Extreme Niederschlagsereignisse (Starkregen, aber auch längere Dürren) führen immer wieder zu einer verringerten Nahrungsmittelproduktion und damit zu Hungerperioden, die sich insbesondere zu Beginn der anstehenden Regenzeit einstellen. Das hohe Bevölkerungswachstum in der Region stellt dagegen zunehmende Anforderungen an die Nahrungsmittelversorgung. In vielen Regionen wird der Boden bereits so stark ausgebeutet, dass eine Regenerierung über die übliche Brache oft nicht mehr ausreichend ist. Gutes Ackerland wird zusehends knapp. Andererseits besteht eine verstärkte Schutzbedürftigkeit naturbelassener Flächen, die zudem von den Veränderungen des Klimas betroffen sind. Schlechtes Management der Schutzgebiete, fehlende Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung und die zunehmende Verknappung freier Flächen zur weit verbreiteten Selbstversorgung zwingen Menschen zur Nutzung von Gebieten, die für die Erhaltung der natürlichen Landschaft vorgesehen sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert Karten als Ergebnis von Landnutzungsanalysen in Westafrika und zeigt raumzeitlich auf, welche Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landnutzung, Biodiversität und Klima bestehen.

Naturschutz im 21. Jahrhundert – in Afrika entscheidet sich vieles

Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Nutzung der natürlichen Ressourcen in Afrika und die dreifache Krise durch Klimawandel, Biodiversitätsverlust und Pandemien. Er soll das Bewusstsein dafür schärfen, dass die Lebensweise der Menschen in Afrika nicht die Hauptursache des Klimawandels ist, aber die Menschen und die Natur in Afrika stark von dessen Auswirkungen betroffen sind und dass der Globale Norden eine wichtige Rolle bei der Abschwächung dieser Auswirkungen spielen muss. Der Kontext des Naturschutzes in Afrika sowie Fragen der Verantwortung und Möglichkeiten des Einflusses werden diskutiert. Dies schließt die Themen Bevölkerungswachstum, Korruption, wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung und nicht nachhaltige Nutzung von Ressourcen ein. Darüber hinaus wird die Notwendigkeit von Kernschutzgebieten für Wildnis in Afrika betont, um den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt einzudämmen. Eine wichtige Rolle bei deren Realisierung kommt sowohl nationalen Schutzgebieten als auch von lokalen Gemeinschaften verwalteten Gebieten zu. Die Realisierung dieser Ziele leidet unter Herausforderungen in der Governance sowie unter einer unzureichenden und unsicheren Finanzierung. Letztendlich ist es Aufgabe des Globalen Nordens, es zu ermöglichen, dass dem Schutz der afrikanischen Biodiversität Priorität eingeräumt werden kann: von Menschen und für Menschen.

Photosymbiosis in planktonic foraminifera across the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Under stress, corals and foraminifera may eject algal symbionts ('bleach'), which can increase mortality. How bleaching relates to species viability over warming events is of great interest given current global warming. We use size-specific isotope analyses and abundance counts to examine photosymbiosis and population dynamics of planktonic foraminifera across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma), the most severe Cenozoic global warming event. We find that, unlike modern bleaching-induced mass mortality, populations of photosymbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifera increased in relative abundance during the PETM. Multigenerational adaptive responses including flexibility in photosymbiont associations and excursion taxa evolution may have allowed some photosymbiotic foraminifera to thrive. This dataset contains new records of size-specific stable isotope compositions and relative abundance changes in three clades of planktonic foraminifera from three ocean drilling sites (ODP Site 1209, DSDP Site 401, and ODP Site 690). We also include relevant published datasets used in the corresponding paper. Published high-resolution (~1-10 kyr) bulk isotope records provide a robust framework and inform us on the overall shape and timing of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), whereas published multispecies planktic and benthic foraminifera provide a range of "expected" values for a given foraminifera size. We intentionally limited our compilation to high-resolution records that provide 1) a generic and/or specific-specific determination (i.e. we generally exclude "bulk" foraminifera isotope data, unless part of the original compilation), 2) a defined range of foraminiferal size, although often only defined by a soft limit i.e. "larger/smaller than X µm", 3) a continuous sampling resolution that resolves the shape of the PETM, in turn allowing for a data comparison across all sites and across all defined PETM time bins. All published datasets included in our compilation are well known in the palaeoceanography community. Many of these datasets have often been cited and reused in subsequent research, and persistent copy-errors are not uncommon. We used the original datasets and metadata given in the articles themselves. Original data and metadata is classically represented in tables or in the corresponding "Material and Methods" sections, published as supplementary information, or published in online databases such as Pangaea.de. We designed our compilation in a way that the data for all three sites (DSDP Site 401, ODP sites 690 and 1209) were presented in a uniform way, aiding internal comparisons and allowing further compilation work.

Second survey of heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia - how much do we know after 12 years

Bunaken National Park (BNP) is one of the most famous marine national parks in Indonesia with an extraordinary diversity in marine life forms. However, this diversity is threatened by an increasing population on the islands, ongoing destructive fishing techniques and lately by an increase in tourism. Protecting and managing the future use of BNP resources will require the assessment of both, local marine biodiversity through monitoring efforts and the identification and subsequent reduction of any threats or changes in the park. A high diversity in marine Heterobranchia indicates a high diversity of metazoan life forms and a diverse habitat structure. Surveying the complete biological diversity across taxonomic groups found in BNP would be an extensive undertaking, so focus on heterobranch diversity as an indicator of coral reef health was initiated and a model group on which future monitoring and conservation efforts can be based is provided. This study follows up the first investigation of marine Heterobranchia in BNP, conducted 12 years ago, while assessing molluscan diversity, and intends to present a base line for future monitoring programs. These dataare used in the article "Second survey of heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia - how much do we know after 12 years?" (https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-018-0136-3).

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