Bei Feldarbeit und Materialsammlungen im Karibischen Meer, an der brasilianischen Kueste und im tropischen Ostpazifik wurden Porzellaniden beobachtet und gesammelt. Die Feldbeobachtungen und die Daten eigener Sammlungen, die Auswertung von Museumsmaterial und einschlaegiger Literatur erhellen die oekologischen Beduerfnisse der Arten. Die ungewoehnlich vollstaendigen Verbreitungsdaten lassen eine Rekonstruktion der Entstehungsgeschichte der heutigen Faunenverteilung zu. Groessenvergleiche von Tieren aus unterschiedlichen Klimazonen lassen Rueckschluesse auf das Groessenwachstum zu. Dabei zeichnet sich ab, dass bei kaelteren Temperaturen ein groesserer Anteil der aufgenommenen Energie fuer das Wachstum verfuegbar ist, als bei tropischen Bedingungen.
Development of insecticide resistance in insect pest species is one of the main threats of agriculture nowadays. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is the noctuid species possessing by far the most reported cases of insecticide resistance worldwide, correlated with one of the widest geographical distributions of any agricultural pest species. This turns H. armigera into an adequate model to study resistance mechanisms in detail. The main mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance are target side insensitivity and metabolism, mainly due to carboxylesterases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Just recently, the resistance mechanism of an Australian H. armigera strain toward the pyrethroid fenvalerate was ascribed to a single P450, CYP337B3. CYP337B3 is a naturally-occurring chimera between CYP337B2 and CYP337B1 evolved by an unequal crossing-over event. This enzyme had acquired new and exclusive substrate specificities resulting in the detoxification of fenvalerate. This is the first known case of recombination as an additional genetic mechanism, besides over-expression and point mutation, leading to insecticide resistance. Therefore, CYP337B1, CYP337B2, and CYP337B3 are ideal candidates for studying structure-function relationships in P450s. The project aims to characterize amino acids that are crucial for the activity of CYP337B3 toward detoxification of fenvalerate. Additionally, cross-resistance conferred by CYP337B3 enables the determination of common structural moieties of pyrethroids favoring detoxification by CYP337B3 and those leading to resistance breaking. Pyrethroids with identified resistance breaking moieties could be used to control even pyrethroid-resistant populations of H. armigera. Another advantage of this system is the conferment of insecticide resistance by CYP337B3 that is not restricted to Australia but seems to be a more common mechanism as recently revealed by the finding of the chimeric P450 in a cypermethrin-resistant Pakistani strain. To shed light on the contribution of CYP337B3 to pyrethroid resistance of H. armigera and even closely related species worldwide, field populations from different countries will be screened by PCR for the presence of CYP337B3 and its parental genes. If applicable, the allele frequency of CYP337B3 will be determined being a convenient method to conclude the resistance level of the tested populations. Finally, the project will result in advising farmers on the control of populations of H. armigera and related species possessing CYP337B3. This will even become more important due to the climate change allowing H. armigera to spread northward including central Europe, where H. armigera is not yet able to survive wintertime.
The present-day configuration of Indonesia and SE Asia is the results of a long history of tectonic movements, volcanisms and global eustatic sea-level changes. Not indifferent to these dynamics, fauna and flora have been evolving and dispersing following a complicate pattern of continent-sea changes to form what are today defined as Sundaland and Wallacea biogeographical regions. The modern intraannual climate of Indonesia is generally described as tropical, seasonally wet with seasonal reversals of prevailing low-level winds (Asian-Australian monsoon). However at the interannual scale a range of influences operating over varying time scales affect the local climate in respect of temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall. Vegetation generally reflects climate and to simplify it is possible to distinguish three main ecological elements in the flora of Malaysia: everwet tropical, seasonally dry tropical (monsoon) and montane. Within those major ecological groups, a wide range of specific local conditions caused a complex biogeography which has and still attract the attention of botanists and biogeographers worldwide. Being one of the richest regions in the Worlds in terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Indonesia has recently gone through intensive transformation of previously rural/natural lands for intensive agriculture (oil palm, rubber, cocoa plantations and rice fields). Climate change represents an additional stress. Projected climate changes in the region include strengthening of monsoon circulation and increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall and drought events. The ecological consequences of these scenarios are hard to predict. Within the context of sustainable management of conservation areas and agro-landscapes, Holocene palaeoecological and palynological studies provide a valuable contribution by showing how the natural vegetation present at the location has changed as a consequence of climate variability in the long-term (e.g. the Mid-Holocene moisture maximum, the modern ENSO onset, Little Ice Age etc.). The final aim of my PhD research is to compare the Holocene history of Jambi province and Central Sulawesi. In particular: - Reconstructing past vegetation, plant diversity and climate dynamics in the two study areas Jambi (Sumatra) and Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi) - Comparing the ecological responses of lowland monsoon swampy rainforest (Sumatra) and everwet montane rainforests (Sulawesi) to environmental variability (vulnerability/resilience) - Investigating the history of human impact on the landscape (shifting cultivation, slash and burn, crop cultivation, rubber and palm oil plantation) - Assessing the impact and role of droughts (El Niño) and fires - Adding a historical perspective to the evaluation of current and future changes.
This metadata refers to the whole content of GISCO reference database, which contains both public datasets (also available for the general public through http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata) and datasets to be used only internally by the EEA (typically, but not only, GISCO datasets at 1:100k).
Antiparasitika zur Anwendung bei Weidetieren gehören zu den Tierarzneimitteln mit der höchsten Toxizität für die Umwelt. Naturgemäß ist besonders die Diversität dungassoziierter Insekten betroffen. Auf EU-Ebene werden verschiedene Risikominderungsmaßnahmen (RMM) zur Reduzierung der Umweltrisiken vorgeschlagen. Die praktische Wirksamkeit dieser Maßnahmen hinsichtlich des Erhaltes der Insekten-Diversität wurde bisher systematisch nicht bewiesen. Ziel des Vorhabens ist, die Grundlagen hierfür zu erarbeiten, um geeignete Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Insekten zielgerichtet und erfolgreich anwenden zu können. Im ersten Teil des Vorhabens soll erarbeitet werden, welche RMM zur Verfügung stehen und anhand welcher ökologischer und populations-systematischer Kennwerte die Kontrolle eines möglichen Erfolges hinsichtlich Biodiversität und Populationserhalt bei den relevanten Insekten untersucht werden kann. Im zweiten Teil des Vorhabens sollen Freilandversuche geplant und durchgeführt werden. Es sollen unbelastete Vergleichsweiden und stark behandelte Flächen hinsichtlich Diversität der Dungfauna untersucht werden und in nachfolgenden Jahren die Auswirkungen durchgeführter RMM auf den behandelten Flächen erfasst werden. Dabei soll sich auf die klimatisch gemäßigten Bereiche Europas bezogen werden. Die im zweiten Teil des Projektes zu klärenden Detailfragen sind u.a. (aber nicht ausschließlich): Entwicklung ausgewählter dungassoziierten Insekten-Populationen im Freiland auf behandelten & unbehandelten Weiden. Auswirkungen möglicher reduzierter Dung-Insektenpopulationen (Käfer, Fliegen) auf die Nahrungsnetze. Schaffung der Datengrundlage hinsichtlich Ökologie und Biogeographie von Dungorganismen im klimatisch gemäßigten Bereich Europas. Schaffung der Grundlage für die systematische Bestimmung der Dunginsekten; hier neuere Methoden wie Meta-Barcoding oder eDNA, da klassisch-systematische entomologische Bestimmungsarbeit zukünftig nicht mehr leistbar sein wird.
Andine Trockenwaldtäler gehören zu den am wenigsten untersuchten Biotopen der Welt. Bisher sind keine Schutzgebiete im Maranon-Tal ausgewiesen. Wenn nicht schnellstmöglich Schutzstrategien entwickelt und eingeführt werden, wird die Zerstörung dieses einzigartigen Lebensraumes weiter voranschreiten und zu einem irreversiblen Rückgang der Artenvielfalt führen. Das Projekt beinhaltet eine Bestandsaufnahme der Herpetofauna sowie beispielhafte phylogeographische Analysen anhand ausgewählter Gruppen.
Within the Biodiversity Exploratory Priority Program, Core Project 8 has the mission to deliver high quality base line data on structural and functional diversity of soil microorganisms in relation to land use. Soil microorganisms, defined as having a body size below 50 micro m, encompass millions of species belonging to all regna. Their distribution is extremely dense but heterogeneous among soil microhabitats. Only a small part of them is active at each time point, and they function within complex interaction networks to ensure matter turnover, water cycle, productivity and biodiversity aboveground, but also regulate atmosphere gas composition. Due to advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics within the last decades, soil microbial communities can now be rationally characterized at different scales from the pedon to the region. In this new phase, Core Project 8 will significantly extend its service to the priority program by covering Bacteria and Archaea in addition to the general and arbuscular mycorrhizal soil fungi analyzed in the past. Accordingly, this core project will now be maintained by three PI groups. While a barcode sequencing approach of DNA and cDNA will enable us to characterize diversity of fungi and bacteria in 1.110 plots at both taxonomical and functional levels, metagenomics will provide enlarged functional data and allows us to cover further groups such as Archaea and micro-eukaryotes. By merging the barcode data in cross-kingdom co-occurrence network analyses using commonly improved bioinformatics and advanced statistic tools, we will identify key stone species, which will be functionally characterized based on the obtained metagenomics data. This program will be performed on all 300 experimental plots of the three exploratory regions as well as in all treatments of the new extensive grassland and forest gap experiments. For all these plots, Core Project 8 also has the central mission of extracting and distributing soil nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) for all contributing projects dealing with microorganisms. Further we also provide bioinformatics and specific sequencing support, thus warranting a high quality standard of data, for meta-analyses, and synthesis all over the Biodiversity Exploratories.
The uplift of the Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (HTO) has significantly influenced the global climate and due to its massive elevations and river incisions it likely played an important role as a speciation pump. However, our understanding of the historical biogeography of species in the HTO is far from being comprehensive, as are details of the spatiotemporal evolution of its uplift. The Himalaya plays a key role in elucidating these processes. Results from the applicant's preliminary work, based on molecular data from amphibians, provide initial indications for a Paleo-Tibetan origin of Himalayan faunal components, challenging the long-held belief of immigration from China-Indochina into the Himalaya. Yet, a comprehensive phylogeographic approach is needed, requiring a systematic sampling from biogeographically important regions and an extended analytical framework to pinpoint patterns of diversification in the Himalaya and adjacent regions and to uncover the relative contribution of in-situ speciation versus colonisation in the HTO. Within the project, the applicant will use four carefully chosen terrestrial model systems (spiny frogs, lazy toads, the Himalayan toad and ground skinks), that are sufficiently phylogenetically old and cover a range of different dispersal abilities and ecological preferences. Using cutting-edge targeted exon capture technology in combination with next generation DNA sequencing and state of the art phylogenetic analysis alternative phylogeographic hypotheses will be tested (immigration, vicariance, out-of-Tibet, Paleo-Tibetan origin) and estimate divergence times. The applicant pursues the following objectives with the study: i) Detailed phylogenetic inventory in areas along the southern slope of the Himalaya and surrounding mountain areas; ii) Reconstructing diversification/colonisation pattern; iii) Providing biological evidences for the time of (primary) uplifts of HTO components. Access to museum samples at the applicant's collaboration partners disposal includes almost all relevant species, guaranteeing fast progress of this project. Data amount and resulting statistical power will allow drawing conclusions in an unprecedented power on colonization history and uplift of the HTO. It will also allow identifying factors important for species diversification and contribute to an understanding of the Tertiary environmental conditions of the HTO.
Linum (Lein) als extratropisch-weltweit verbreitete Gattung wird phylogenetisch analysiert. Ein wichtiges Ziel dieser Analyse ist die Erkennung weltweiter biogeographischer Beziehungen.
Taxonomisch-phylogenetische Arbeiten an Libellen (Odonata) von Neuguinea dienen der Rekonstruktion ihrer ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebiete in einer geologisch äußerst dynamischen Region und tragen zur Aufklärung der biogeographischen Bedeutung und geographischen-geologischen Entwicklung der melanesischen Inselbögen im Tertiär bei. Die Beschreibung neuer Arten von Kleinlibellen (Zygoptera) und die Analyse von Biodiversitätsdaten liefern wichtige Grundlagen für den Artenschutz in der Region.
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