In dem Vorhaben wird untersucht, wie wirksam die absorbierte Lichtenergie in Biomasse konvertiert wird. Vergleichend werden Grünalgen und Diatomeen unter verschiedenen Licht- und Nährstoffbedingungen studiert. Auf diese Weise können die metabolischen Kosten unter Nährstoffmangel oder anderen produktivitätsbegrenzenden Bedingungen studiert werden. So wird auch die Säureanpassung ausgewählter Phytoplankter untersucht, um die Biomassebildung in extrem sauren Tagebaurestseen auf physiologischer Ebene zu verstehen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass unter Stickstoffmangel die Überführung anorganischen Kohlenstoffs in Biomassebildung durch eine Veränderung der makromolekularen Zusammensetzung der Zellen ähnlicher Effizienz stattfindet, wie unter optimaler Stickstoffversorgung. Dies führt zu einer ökologisch bedeutsamen Teilentkopplung des C und N Kreislaufs im Ökosystem. Ähnliches beobachtet man auch bei der Anpassung von Phytoplanktonalgen an extrem saure Bedingungen wie man sie in sauren Tagebaurestseen vorfindet.
Der Anbau von Ölpflanzen zur Gewinnung von Speiseöl und Energie ist bislang im Organischen Landbau wenig entwickelt. Zum einen mindern Probleme bei der Regulierung von Schaderregern und Unkraut die Wirtschaftlichkeit, zum anderen konkurriert der Anbau von Energiepflanzen um Fläche für die Erzeugung von Lebensmitteln. Der Gemengeanbau leistet einen Beitrag zur Diversifizierung im Ackerbau und lässt Synergie-Effekte zwischen den Gemengepartnern wirksam werden. Eine effizientere Ressourcennutzung, geringere Anfälligkeit gegenüber Schaderregern und reduziertes Unkrautaufkommen können zu höheren Gesamterträgen bzw. Gewinnen je Flächeneinheit führen. Im Hinblick auf diese Aspekte wird untersucht, inwieweit die Ölsaaten Öllein (Linum usitatissimum L.), Saflor (Carthamus tinctorius L.) bzw. Senf (Sinapis alba L.) für den jeweils zeitgleichen Anbau mit Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) geeignet sind. In Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Standraumzumessungen werden die Erträge und die Konkurrenzverhältnisse um Stickstoff und Wasser bei den jeweiligen Gemengepartnern untersucht,sowie die Ölsaaten hinsichtlich Ölgehalt und Fettsäurezusammensetzung analysiert. Arbeitshypothesen: - Der zeitgleiche Anbau von Ackerbohnen und Ölfrüchten führt zu höheren Gesamterträgen bei nur unwesentlich verminderten Ackerbohnen-Erträgen. - Die hauptsächlich im Bodenraum zwischen den Ackerbohnenreihen freigesetzten Stickstoffmengen werden zur Ertragsbildung der Ölfrüchte effizient genutzt. - Ein weiterer Abstand zwischen Ölfrucht- und Ackerbohnenreihe führt zu geringerer interspezifischer Konkurrenz und durch gleichmäßigere Durchwurzelung des Bodenraumes zur effizienteren Nutzung von bodenbürtig freigesetztem Stickstoff und Wasser. Die Folge sind, verglichen mit engerem Reihenabstand, höhere Ölfruchterträge und nur unwesentlich geringere Ackerbohnen-Kornerträge. - Die Ölfrüchte Saflor, Öllein und Senf nehmen aufgrund ihres Pfahlwurzelsystems Stickstoff auch aus tieferen Bodenschichten auf und senken so das Austragungspotential von bodenbürtig freigesetztem Stickstoff bzw. Stickstoff-Restmengen.
In recent years science has taken an increased interest in mineralization processes in tropical soils in particular under minimal tillage operations. Plant litter quality and management strongly affect mineralization-nitrification processes in soil and hence the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems and the environment. Plant secondary metabolites like lignin and polyphenols are poorly degradable and interact with proteins (protein binding capacity) and hence protect them from microbial attack. Nitrification, a microbiological process, directly and indirectly influences the efficiency of recovery of N in the vegetation as well as the loss of N (through denitrification and leaching) causing environmental pollution to water bodies and contributes to global warming (e.g. the greenhouse gas N2O is emitted as a by-product of nitrification and denitrification). Nitrifiers comprise a relatively narrow species diversity (at least as known to date) and are generally thought to be sensitive to low soil pH and stress. Despite these properties nitrification occurs in acid tropical soils with high levels of aluminium and manganese. Thus the main objective of the project will be the identification of micro-organisms and mechanisms responsible for mineralization-nitrification processes in acid tropical soils and the influence of long-term litter input of different chemical qualities and minimal tillage options. The project will include the use of stable isotopes (15N, 13C), mass spectrometry, gas chromatography (CO2, N2O), biochemical methods (PLFA) and molecular biology (16s rRNA., PCR, DGGE)
Die Hochwasserereignisse im Dezember 1993 und Januar 1995 am Rhein, Juli/August 1997 an der Oder sowie im August 2002 an der Elbe und die hervorgerufenen Schäden haben in Deutschland zu der Erkenntnis geführt, dass baulich-technische Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen nicht ausreichen, sondern dass ein vorsorgeorientiertes, die Ziele einer dauerhaft umweltgerechten Entwicklung verfolgendes Hochwassermanagement erforderlich ist. Dazu zählen der technische Hochwasserschutz, die weitergehende Hochwasservorsorge und die Flächenvorsorge zum natürlichen Rückhalt als vorbeugender Hochwasserschutz. Allerdings treten Defizite bei der Operationalisierung dieser politischen Ziele und Strategien auf der Umsetzungsebene auf. Es bleibt bisher die Frage unbeantwortet, ob es sich dabei um Regelungs- oder Vollzugsdefizite handelt. Das Forschungsvorhaben am Institut für Forst- und Umweltpolitik verfolgt das Ziel, die Bedingungen für die Implementation von existierenden politischen Initiativen zum vorbeugenden Hochwasserschutz zu untersuchen. Bedeutsam für die Untersuchung ist dabei die Betrachtung von Akteuren der verschiedenen politischen Ebenen und Sektoren im Durchführungsprozess, deren Kommunikations- und Machtstrukturen sowie der eingesetzten Instrumente, um hieraus Erkenntnisse über die politische Steuerung und deren Wirkung gewinnen zu können. Die Politikfeldanalyse sieht den Vergleich der Hochwasserschutzpolitik der Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Baden-Württemberg vor und wird unter Verwendung von Methoden der qualitativen Sozialforschung durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis sollen Effizienzfaktoren ermittelt und schließlich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Implementation von ressort- und grenzübergreifenden Planungsprozessen in komplexen politischen Systemen abgeleitet werden.
Non wood fuels for small-scale furnaces have attracted increasing interest in several European countries. New technological approaches are on the way, but the verification of any such developments is difficult and there is a large uncertainty about testing procedures and equipment. While for wood combustion standardized European measuring regulations are available and broadly applied, the testing of cereal fuel combustion is generally not following a commonly accepted procedure. Consequently the results of such measurements are not fully comparable. This applies particularly for the international level, which is here of particular relevance due to the fact that a combustion technology development for a niche application can only be economically viable if a sufficiently large marketing area can be taken into focus. The overall objective of the proposal is therefore to contribute through research to the development of uniform and comparable European procedures for testing of small-scale boilers up to a power out of 300 kW for solid biomass from agriculture like straw pellets and energy grain. The driving forces and barriers will be worked out; existing legal regulation for the installation (approval by the local authorities) in the participating countries will be collected. The state of the art of the non wood biomass boiler technology will be identified; the need for standardized tests for type approval tests and the measures to establish a European Standard will be shown. Measurement methods with special emphasis on efficiency and emissions will be worked out and the requirements and specifications of test fuels will be proposed. Test runs will be carried out following preliminary test procedures based on existing European standards for wood boilers. Based on the results of these test runs a draft for a Europe-wide uniform test procedure will be proposed. Preparatory work for a European standardization process including a round robin test will be done.
We study the effects of plants and root-associated fungi on wind erosion within the alpine environment of Tibet. China is one of the countries most affected by desertification processes and Tibet, in particular, a key region in desertification combat. The presented project focuses on the Barkha Plain surrounded by Mount Kailash and the Lake of Manasarovar (Ngari Prefecture). This Western Tibet region experienced little scientific attention but, nowadays, faces rapidly increasing touristic activities and expanding local settlements associated with socio-economic changes that are serious threats to the delicate ecological balance and potential triggers of desertification. It exists almost unanimous agreement that revegetation is the most efficient and promising strategy to combat wind erosion and desertification in the long term. However, re-colonising success is often poor, mainly under extreme environmental conditions. Compared to conventional practices, the approach of the presented project attains better accordance with natural succession processes and promises acceleration of both plant and soil development and, conclusively, more efficient desertification control. The project assesses the potential of native plants and symbiotic fungi to control wind erosion and desertification processes. It aims to identify key plants and fungi that increase soil aggregate stability and efficiently drive succession into a natural and self-maintaining cycle of the ecosystem. Furthermore, it provides crucial information for implementing environmentally compatible and cost-effective measures to protect high-elevation ecosystems against desertification. Within three successional stages (early, intermediate, late), field investigations are performed on the basis of Modified-Whittaker plots. Classic methods of vegetation analysis and myco-sociology are combined with analysis of distribution patterns at different scales (patchiness, connectivity). Comprehensive soil analysis is performed comprising grain size distribution, aggregate stability, pH as well as water and nutrient contents. Additionally, important parameters of wind erosion are measured concurrently and continuously to assess their magnitude and variability with respect to vegetation and soil at different levels of development. The parameters addressed, include sediment transport, air temperature, radiation, precipitation, relative humidity as well as speed and direction of wind. Surface moisture is recorded periodically and roughness described. Species and environmental parameters are checked for spatial correlation. Cutting edge technologies are applied in laboratory work, comprising molecular methods for fungal species identification and micro-tomography to analyse soil structure. Furthermore, successfully cultivated fungi and plants are subject of synthesis experiments and industrial propagation in view of practical implementation in restoration measures.
Reactive Hydride Composites reveal great potential as hydrogen storage materials as they overcome the thermodynamic limitations hindering the use of light-weight complex hydrides. However, their sorption kinetics is still slow due to the fact that the hydrogen sorption process takes place within complex solid state reactions. It is aim of this project to explore the fundamental mechanisms involved in these reactions. For this, experimental studies on sorption kinetics, thermodynamics, crystal structure and electronic properties of the nano-structured materials are cross-linked to ab-initio calculations and theoretical modelling. The results will provide a basis to improve material properties and to develop new catalysts for hydrogen sorption. Finally, the optimization of synthesis methods and in particular the up-scaling of hydrogen storage materials preparation will be explored in collaboration with manufacturers.
Der Anbau von Mischkulturen hat eine Vielzahl von ökonomischen und ökologischen Vorteilen gegenüber dem Anbau von Reinsaaten. Die Wachstumsfaktoren eines Standortes (Nährstoffe, Wasser, Licht) werden in einer Mischkultur durch die unterschiedlichen Ansprüche der Arten meist besser genutzt. In einem Feldversuch wird verglichen, ob der Anbau von Körnerleguminosen (Futtererbse, Tellerlinse, Platterbse) in Mischkultur mit einer Ölsaat (Leindotter) gegenüber dem Anbau als Reinsaat einen relativen Mehrertrag zur Folge hat.
Striga hermonthica is a parasitic flowering plant belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. It is a root parasite that can attack sorghum, maize, millet and several grass weeds in the semi arid Tropics. In Sudan Striga is considered as the main constraint in sorghum production, the main staple food for the majority of Sudanese people. Several means of control are used to control Striga either chemically or physically, however these means are either inefficient or very costly. The biological control is an additional recent tool for the control of parasitic weeds. Several fusarium species were isolated from Striga in Sudan and they were found to be highly efficient in controlling Striga. The main objectives of this study are to (i) test the efficacy of formulated fusarium spp. in controlling Striga under field conditions; (ii) determine the optimum dose of the mycoherbicide to be used; and (iii) identify toxins produced by these bioagents for environmental safety.
To protect the health of populations and individuals, policies need to integrate environmental and health issues. The aim of HENVINET is to support such informed policy making. HENVINET will review, exploit and disseminate knowledge on environmental health issues based on research and practices, for wider use by relevant stakeholders. Further, it will lead to validation of tools and results with emphasis on the four priority health endpoints of the EHAP 2004-2010, and will provide structured information overview that may be utilized by other actors relevant to Environment and Health Strategy. Building on activities such as AirNET, CLEAR, PINCHE, INTARESE and SCALE, HENVINET will collect, structure and evaluate new material and present it in a consistent manner, which will lend itself to transparency and identification of knowledge gaps. HENVINET will establish an overview of results, activities, projects and tools existing in Europe and will promote stakeholder networking through workshops and conferences. Knowledge, best practices and decision support tools will be reviewed to allow wider exploitation by the relevant stakeholders such as policy makers. Recognizing that dissemination of knowledge, best practices and decision support tools is crucial in supporting the implementation of the European EHAP, the project will define ways to disseminate information in collaboration with main stakeholders, with emphasis on the needs of users of information, more than of those producing it. To allow for efficient data gathering, information exchanges, and targeted dissemination, the project will utilize state-of-the-art internet solutions and methodologies. To further promote interactions with stakeholders and relevant international organisations, an external Reference group will be set up.
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