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Distribution of contaminants from the Elbe outflow into the North Sea (German Bight) based on water samples from the MOSES cruise Sternfahrt 10 in 2023

The Sternfahrt-10 of the MOSES campaign, from 29th August until the 15th of September 2023, had two objectives. One was to follow the dispersion of pollutants transported by the Elbe water into the North Sea, previously observed during the Elbe-Freshwater and Elbe-Tidal cruises. And second the distribution of the Elbe water within the German Bight. Therefore, drifter groups were deployed to follow individual water parcels. Those drifters were followed subsequently by three ships (RV Ludwig Prandtl, RV Littorina, RV Mya II), to extend the time period of measurements. Along the tracks, water samples were taken close to the drifters, alternatively at stations from previous cruises, resulting in 12 to 24 sampling points per week. In terms to detect the concentration of a variety of nutrients and carbon compounds from the south-eastern North Sea up to the island Amrum. Additionally, basic hydrographic parameters and greenhouse gases were sampled continuously throughout the whole cruise. Those results are not part of the present dataset, but can be found here, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.971874. To ensure the comparability of the measured parameters a transportable container laboratory was passed from ship to ship always equipped with the same sensor systems. Just for specific water samples some special equipment was added. A map of the different tracks as well as information about the used sensors and data treatment, you can find in the additional material. For more detailed information about the MOSES Project and the cruise Sternfahrt-10, see the article cited in references.

Chlorophyll a and phaeophytin a measurements from discrete water samples during RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM129/1

This dataset was collected during the cruise MSM129/1 with RV MARIA S. MERIAN from Warnemünde, Germany to St. John's, Canada. It contains chlorophyll-a measurements [µg/l] from water samples collected from the seawater supply (Reinseewassersystem, RSWS) as well as from three CTD casts to calibrate the fluorometers of the RSWS system and the CTD, respectively. The outflow of a PocketFerrybox that was connected to the seawater supply in the hangar was used for sampling. It takes a substantial amount of time for the water to reach the hanger from the intake point. The time delay between the sensor readings of the RSWS and the PocketFerrybox was determined and the timestamps of the water sampling were adjusted accordingly. Given latitute and longitude refer to this corrected timestamp. The original time of water sampling in the hangar is given as an additional column with the comment time of sampling. To obtain chl-a concentrations, water samples were filtered onboard through 0.7 μm pore size, glass fiber filters (Whatmann GF/F) under low vacuum. Filters were frozen immediately at -80 °C until extraction in laboratory by 90% acetone method. Concentrations were calculated from fluorescence measured with a pre-calibrated Turner Design TD 7200-02 laboratory fluorometer (EPA445.0, Turner Manual).

Carbon compounds, methane concentration and nutritional composition of water samples along the Elbe to the North Sea (German Bight) during the MOSES projects' Sternfahrt 9 in 2022

The "Sternfahrt 9" cruise was conducted from the 30th of May to the 2nd of June 2022, covering a late spring situation in the German Bight. The three participating vessels (Littorina, Uthörn and Ludwig Prandtl) covered a wide range from 7.6°E to 8.9°E and from 53.5°N to 54.8°N, following similar tracks and sampling stations like those of the "Sternfahrt 5" in September 2020. Objective of this cruise was to get new insights on the chemical transformation of Chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter from the Elbe, Tide-Elbe and North Sea. Therefore, each ship was continuously measuring different hydrographic parameters and greenhouse gases along their tracks (not included in the present dataset, please see article(s) 'related to'). Additionally, each day eight stations were run by the crews along their respective track (for a more detailed description see 'file description'). Thus, delivering discrete water samples for later analyses of DIC, TA, DOC, methane, nutrients and explosive metals. Due to partly bad weather not always all stations could be realized. While the vessel Littorina covered the south eastern part of the German Bight, the Ludwig Prandtl went further North until the small island Amrum. The Uthörn instead sampled on one side in the north of Heligoland and on the other side in the south and south-west towards Cuxhaven (see map in 'additional metadata'). For more detailed information about the MOSEShx campaign and the cruise Sternfahrt 9, see article cited in references.

FerryBox-integrated membrane-based pCO2, temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity and pH measurements of BU-C-2203 during RV Burchana cruise

The submitted data were collected with a FerryBox-Device on RV Burchana in the transitional and coastal waters of Lower Saxony, Germany. It contains data for temperature, salinity, pH, chlorophyll, oxygen, turbidity and carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at a water depth of approximately 1.3 m. Within the Carbostore project, totally 8 measurement campaigns were carried out in the years 2021 to 2023. The data is reprocessed and related to a 60 s period. In order to obtain a complete (but rough) overview of the pCO2 situation in this area, values outside the calibration limits (200-1000 µatm) were retained. Dissolved oxygen measurements were corrected by temperature and salinity. The sensors are regularly calibrated, maintained and replaced if necessary. The files are named according to the project, the year and the month of the campaign.

FerryBox-integrated membrane-based pCO2, temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity and pH measurements of BU-C-2205 during RV Burchana cruise

The submitted data were collected with a FerryBox-Device on RV Burchana in the transitional and coastal waters of Lower Saxony, Germany. It contains data for temperature, salinity, pH, chlorophyll, oxygen, turbidity and carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at a water depth of approximately 1.3 m. Within the Carbostore project, totally 8 measurement campaigns were carried out in the years 2021 to 2023. The data is reprocessed and related to a 60 s period. In order to obtain a complete (but rough) overview of the pCO2 situation in this area, values outside the calibration limits (200-1000 µatm) were retained. Dissolved oxygen measurements were corrected by temperature and salinity. The sensors are regularly calibrated, maintained and replaced if necessary. The files are named according to the project, the year and the month of the campaign.

Fischsterben in der Oder - August 2022 (Applikation)

Im August 2022 fand ein massives Fischsterben in der Oder statt. Die ersten verendeten Fische auf deutscher Seite der Oder wurden am 09.08.2022 im Bereich Frankfurt (Oder) gemeldet. Neben Fischen verendeten auch andere aquatische Organismen wie Schnecken und Muscheln. Das tatsächliche Ausmaß der Umweltschäden und die langfristigen Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem können derzeit noch nicht quantifiziert werden. Die Anwendung zeigt bildhaft anhand von Diagrammen die Verläufe der Messwerte der verschiedenen gemessenen Parameter an ausgewählten Messstellen.

Continuous bio-optical measurements of chloropyll a and turbidity along RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM97/2

Underway bio-optical sensor measurements of chlorophyll a and turbidity were acquired along the cruise track of RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM97/2. Measurements were collected with two autonomous measurement systems (RSWS), which are located at 6.5 m below the sea surface. Usually, the RWS-System with measuring container 1 and 2 (MC1 and MC2) interchanged after 6 hours. Only en route data was collected and quality controlled. No data from stationary measurements (in situ) were included. Quality Control specifically for biogeochemical measurements had been applied. For details to all processing steps see Data Processing Report.

Reference measurements of surface waters and optical water quality variables (Secchi depth and Forel-Ule color indexes) collected during two RV Otzum cruises along the river Elbe in 2012 and 2013

Reference measurements of surface waters were collected during two RV Otzum cruises along the river Elbe in 2012 and 2013 (Ot2012_05: 21.-24.05.; Ot2013_05: 27.-30.05.2013). Temperature [°C], salinity, turbidity [NTU], and chlorophyll from fluorescence [µg/L] were measured by a PocketFerrybox System (values given to the time of sampling). Water samples were taken from the outlet of the system. Suspended particular matter (SPM) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were filtered onboard on glas fibre filters (GFF, 47mm, 0,7 µm) and frozen at -25°C and -80°C immediately after sampling. Values were determined in the lab after the cruise within 2 months, for SPM via gravimetric analysis (IOCC recommendations) and for Chl a according to EPA Method 445. Water clarity and color were observed using a white Secchi disc with a diameter of 30 cm and a Forel-Ule color scale. The Secchi depth (SD) was recorded as a relative measure of water clarity at each in situ station during day time. At half SD the apparent color of the water above the submerged Secchi disc was determined using the Forel-Ule color scale. A Forel-Ule color scale is a classic tool used to differentiate the percieved color of water based on a scale from 1 (indigo blue) to 21 (cola brown). The measurements were conducted as recommended in literature (Garaba and Zielinski, 2015; Wernand, 2011; Wernand and van der Woerd, 2010). Measurements were part of the project DOMsense (01.11.2011 - 31.05.2014, KF2866501DF1)

FerryBox-integrated membrane-based pCO2, temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity and pH measurements of BU-C-2207 during RV Burchana cruise

The submitted data were collected with a FerryBox-Device on RV Burchana in the transitional and coastal waters of Lower Saxony, Germany. It contains data for temperature, salinity, pH, chlorophyll, oxygen, turbidity and carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at a water depth of approximately 1.3 m. Within the Carbostore project, totally 8 measurement campaigns were carried out in the years 2021 to 2023. The data is reprocessed and related to a 60 s period. In order to obtain a complete (but rough) overview of the pCO2 situation in this area, values outside the calibration limits (200-1000 µatm) were retained. Dissolved oxygen measurements were corrected by temperature and salinity. The sensors are regularly calibrated, maintained and replaced if necessary. The files are named according to the project, the year and the month of the campaign.

Continuous optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data along RV MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM129/1

Underway optical chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were collected along the cruise track with Sea-Bird Scientific ECO FLNTU sensors installed within two autonomous measurement containers, as part of the "Reinseewassersystem" (RSWS). The containers measure alternatingly. While one container is measuring, the other one is being cleaned. The boxes switched generally every 12 hours. The water inlet for the RSWS is at about 6.5 m below sea surface. Observed chlorophyll-a and turbidity data were both quality controlled. Analysis of the chlorophyll-a and turbidity data during parallel operation of the sensors in the two boxes showed significant differences between the sensors. The sensors were aligned resulting in consistent chlorophyll-a and turbidity time series. The corrected chlorophyll-a data were calibrated based on chlorophyll-a values from discrete water samples taken from a RSWS water outlet in the hangar. Samples were frozen and measured fluorometrically in the lab. The time series was separated into two sections, coastal and open ocean, which were calibrated independently. The turbidity time series was also compared to suspended particulate matter from water samples, however, correlation was low and therefore the comparison not used for calibrating turbidity. The calibrated chlorophyll-a time series and corrected turbidity time series were compared against Globcolour CHL1 and TSM products, respectively. Details on all quality control steps, the calibration, and the comparison with satellite data can be found in the data processing report. The data set user should keep in mind that some parts of the time series are likely affected by non-photochemical quenching, see data processing report. It was out of the scope of the quality control to flag or correct non-photochemical quenching. The resulting data set contains the original data and corresponding quality flags achieved by the quality control algorithm as well as the calibrated chlorophyll-a and corrected turbidity data with corresponding quality flags. The data source is given through the name of the active container. The data set contains data during transit time and station work. We recommend to use ship's speed to filter for only transit data.

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