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A database of analogue models and geophysical data investigating caldera resurgence; DynamiCal project

In this dataset we provide data for 6 experimental models of caldera collapse and subsequent resurgence monitored through geophysical sensors (a force or “impact sensor”, Piezotronics PCB 104 200B02 and a Triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer, Model 356B18). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory), which is a joint laboratory between the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was partly supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS), by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia and by the “Monitoring Earth's Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project (NextGenerationEU). Specifically, this work was performed in the frame of the DynamiCal project, funded by the 2° TNA-NOA call of the ILGE-MEET project.

Electron diffraction patterns and HR-EBSD data from laboratory deformed olivine aggregates

This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wiesman et al. (submitted) and contains data on the density of dislocations and their stress fields in olivine rocks deformed via laboratory experiments. The data were used to investigate how the quality of diffraction patterns obtained via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) affect the stress maps and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps obtained via analysis with high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). These results can be used to optimize the patterns collected during EBSD to reduce noise in the HR-EBSD analysis. Data are provided in a zip folder and include: • Measurements of lattice orientation via EBSD: six raw .ctf files and six processed .ctf files of regions mapped with HR-EBSD • Examples of electron backscatter diffraction patterns used to calculate radial power spectra: 12 .tiff files of diffraction patterns • Densities of geometrically necessary dislocations from the HR-EBSD analysis: six .txt files of processed data • Residual stress heterogeneity also determined from HR-EBSD analysis: six .txt files of processed data Data types and the number of frames averaged are also indicated in the file names. Files are organized into folders by the number of frames averaged. A full description is available in the data description file.

A Database of Centrifuge Analogue Models Testing the Influence of Pre-Existing Weak Zones During Continental Compression

This dataset presents the raw data of an experimental series of centrifuge models performed to test the influence of pre-existing weak zones in the lower crust (herein after referred to as Weak Lower Crust –WLC) during continental compression. We varied the width of the WLC, the dip of the interfaces bounding the WLC and the frictional properties at the WLC-LC interface by using lubricant (vaseline). In this dataset, we provide four different types of data, that can serve as supporting material and can be used for further analysis: 1) The top-view photos, taken at different stages and showing the deformation process of each model; 2) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) used to reconstruct the 3D deformation of the performed analogue models; 3) Line-drawing of fault and fracture patterns to be used for fault statistical quantification; 4) A Python script to draw swath profiles (outputs) of the analogue models. Further details on the modelling strategy can be found in the publication associated with this dataset and in Milazzo et al. (2021), using a similar setup for achieving compression in the centrifuge. Materials used for these analogue models were described in Corti (2012), Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019), Zou et al. (2024) and Wan et al. (2025).

Geochemical compositions and rheological properties of mantle peridotites from the Zhongba ophiolite

We present comprehensive geochemical compositions and rheological properties of mantle peridotites from the Zhongba ophiolite. The geochemical dataset includes major element compositions of whole rock, as well as major and trace elements of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and spinel. Water contents of olivine and pyroxenes are also provided. In addition, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) data includes calculated stress and detailed profiles. Analytical methods and supplementary figures are included to clearly present the dataset.

Data for Microstructural and Micromechanical Evolution of Olivine Aggregates During Transient Creep

This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wiesman et al. (In prep) and contains data on the density of dislocations and their stress fields in olivine from laboratory experiments to examine transient creep in olivine. The data were used to characterize the microstructural evolution that occurs during transient creep in olivine. These results can be used to test and calibrate microphysical models for transient creep that will be used to describe how Earth’s mantle responds to changes in stress caused by earthquakes and as melting glaciers. Data are provided in a zip folder and include: • Mechanical data from each experiment: ten .txt files of raw data, ten .txt files of processed data • Measurements of lattice orientation via EBSD: ten .ctf files of large area EBSD maps and ten .ctf files of regions mapped with HR-EBSD • Densities of geometrically necessary dislocations from the HR-EBSD analysis – ten .txt files of processed data • Residual stress heterogeneity also determined from HR-EBSD analysis – 20 .txt files of processes data • Forescatter electron images of decorated dislocations – 49 .tiff files and 49 .png files of decorated dislocations, 44 .pngs of counted dislocations, and one .txt file documenting the counted dislocations Data types and sample numbers are also indicated in the file names. Files are organized into folders by sample. Data types and sample numbers are also indicated in the file names. A full description is available in the data description file.

A database of analogue models documenting fault reactivation during multiphase extension.

In this dataset we provide top-view photos and perspective photos (to create topographic data, i.e. Digital Elevation Models, DEMs) documenting analogue model deformation. For more details on modelling setup, experimental series Wang et al. (2021), to which this dataset is supplementary material. For details on analogue materials refer to Del Ventisette et al., 2019, Maestrelli et al. (2020). The analogue modelling experiments were carried out at the TOOLab (Tectonic Modelling Laboratory) of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of the National Research Council of Italy, Italy, and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Florence. The laboratory work that produced these data was supported by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) and by the Joint Research Unit (JRU) EPOS Italia. Additional analysis, following the original work, was supported by the “Monitoring Earth’s Evolution and Tectonics” (MEET) project

Apatite fission-track data from the watershed area of the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The data-set contains nine apatite fission-track data from samples collected at strategic locations to constrain the age of deformation along an ideal transect crossing the main Apennine watershed (from the north-eastern margin of the Casentino Basin to the Romagna Apennines. Apatite grains for fission-track analysis were separated from ~5 kg bulk samples. Four of them were collected from the Falterona Sandstones (Chattian-Aquitanian) and five in the Marnoso- Arenacea For-mation (Burdigalian-Tortonian). Apatite grains were separated using standard heavy liquids and a mag-netic technique.

Mechanical test data of quartz sand, garnet sand, gypsum powder (plaster), kaolin and sand-plaster mixtures used as granular analogue materials in geoscience laboratory experiments

This dataset provides mechanical test data for quartz sand (“MAM1ST-300”, Sibelco, Mol, Belgium), gypsum powder (plaster; “Goldband”, Knauf), kaolin clay powder, garnet sand, and mixtures of quartz sand and gypsum powder, used at the Analogue Laboratory of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (Poppe et al., 2019). The measured properties are density ρ, tensile strength T0, shear strength σ, obtained by density measurements, ring-shear tests (RST; at Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ, Germany), direct shear tests, traction tests (at University of Maine, Le Mans, France) and extension tests. The obtained tensile strengths and shear strengths reconstruct two-dimensional failure envelopes for each material. By fitting linear Coulomb and non-linear combined Griffith failure criteria to the characterised failure envelopes (Jaeger et al., 2007), the internal friction coefficient µC, Coulomb cohesion CC and Griffith cohesion CG are obtained. The influence of the material emplacement technique has been investigated in Poppe et al. (2021) to which this data set is supplementary, by repeat characterisation of the above physical parameters under three emplacement conditions, i.e. sieving, pouring (non-dried state) and compaction after pouring (oven-dried state). We find that densities of the materials and mixtures range from ~1600 kg.m³ (sieved) and ~1700 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure quartz sand to ~600 kg.m³ (poured) to ~900 kg.m³ (compacted) for pure plaster. Tensile strengths range from ~166 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster). Velocity ring-shear tests on a 90 wt% quartz sand – 10 wt% plaster mixture show a minor shear rate-weakening of <2% per ten-fold increase in shear velocity. The materials show a behavior ranging from Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the materials with coarser grain size (sands) to combined Griffith-Mohr-Coulomb behavior for the powder materials (plaster, kaolin), with the sand-plaster mixtures occupying a spectrum between both end-members. Peak friction coefficients range from ~0.5 (sand) to ~0.6 (plaster) with a maximum of ~0.9 (80:20 wt% sand:plaster), peak Coulomb cohesions range from 13 Pa (sand) to 248 Pa (plaster), peak Griffith cohesions range from ~10 Pa (sand) to ~425 Pa (plaster).

3D geodynamic data-driven model of the Southern Central Andes

In the southern Central Andes (~32°S), subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate becomes horizontal. The growth of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau is covalently related to the southward migration of the flat subduction, but the role of subduction geometry and the plate strength on current and long-term deformation of the Andes remains poorly explored. This study takes a data-driven approach of integrating the previous structural and thermal model of the lithosphere of the southern central Andes into a 3D geodynamic model to explore the different parameters contributing to the localization of deformation. We simulate visco-plastic deformation using the geodynamic code ASPECT. The repository includes parameter files and input files for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: a series of models with variation in friction at the subduction interface (S2a-d), a series of models with variation in sedimentary strength (S3a-d), a series that studies the effect of topography (S4), and a series that studies the effect of plate velocities. In addition, a readme file gives all the instructions to run them.

Fatbox - Fault Analysis Toolbox

Fatbox - Fault Analysis Toolbox is a python module for the extraction and analysis of faults (and fractures) in raster data. We often observer faults in 2-D or 3-D raster data (e.g. geological maps, numerical models or seismic volumes), yet the extraction of these structures still requires large amounts of our time. The aim of this module is to reduce this time by providing a set of functions, which can perform many of the steps required for the extraction and analysis of fault systems. The basic idea of the module is to describe fault systems as graphs (or networks) consisting of nodes and edges, which allows us to define faults as components, i.e. sets of nodes connected by edges, of a graph. Nodes, which are not connected through edges, thus belong to different components (faults).

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