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Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Cloud Optical Thickness (COT), Level 3 – Global

This product displays the Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) around the globe. Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system and have significant effects on trace gas retrievals. The cloud optical thickness is retrieved from the O2-A band using the ROCINN algorithm. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Bulk and position-specific isotopic composition of N2O (total and in situ) and nitrate from the EDC, EDML, Vostok, TALDICE, Taylor Glacier, and NGRIP ice cores

The mixing ratio and bulk isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N2O) was measured after wet extraction and purification of the air enclosed in 150 g ice core samples from EDC, EDML, Vostok, TALDICE, and NGRIP, following the analysis procedure described in Schmitt et al. (2014). The position-specific isotopic composition of N2O was measured after dry extraction and purification of the air enclosed in 600 g ice core samples from Vostok and Taylor Glacier, following the analysis procedure described in Menking et al. (2025). The mixing ratio and isotopic composition of in situ N2O – i.e., the fraction of N2O produced in the ice – was calculated using a mass balance approach (Soussaintjean et al., preprint). After gas extraction, the sample meltwater and ice chips were collected to measure the isotopic composition of nitrate (NO3-) following the bacterial denitrification method described in Erbland et al. (2013). Each sample was associated with its ice age and gas age based on the AICC2023 chronology (Bouchet et al., 2023) for EDC, EDML, Vostok, TALDICE, and NGRIP and Baggenstos et al. (2017, 2018) for Talyor Glacier. The samples cover the periods 11 – 26 ka, 41 – 75 ka, and 136 – 143 ka. Taylor Glacier is a horizontal core, meaning the age of the ice varies with distance along a transect close to the surface where the horizontal stratigraphy is preserved (Baggenstos et al., 2017).

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Surface Nitrogendioxide (NO2), Level 4 – Regional (Germany and neighboring countries)

The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product displays the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) near surface concentration for Germany and neighboring countries as derived from the POLYPHEMUS/DLR air quality model. Surface NO2 is mainly generated by anthropogenic sources, e.g. transport and industry. POLYPHEMUS/DLR is a state-of-the-art air quality model taking into consideration - meteorological conditions, - photochemistry, - anthropogenic and natural (biogenic) emissions, - TROPOMI NO2 observations for data assimilation. This Level 4 air quality product (surface NO2 at 15:00 UTC) is based on innovative algorithms, processors, data assimilation schemes and operational processing and dissemination chain developed in the framework of the INPULS project. The DLR project INPULS develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ozone (O3), Level 3 – Global

Ozone vertical column density in Dobson Units as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the biosphere from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. Ozone in troposphere can pose risks to the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Water Vapour (H2O), Level 3 – Global

Water Vapour (H2O) concentration (globally) as derived from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations. H2O is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. In addition it is one of the most powerful drivers for weather phenomena in the troposphere. Daily observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument aboard the SENTINEL-5P space craft is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer covering wavelength bands between the ultraviolet and the shortwave infra-red. TROPOMI's purpose is to measure atmospheric properties and constituents. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing operational retrieval of the following trace gas constituents: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Water Vapour (H2O), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4). Within the INPULS project, innovative algorithms and processors for the generation of Level 3 and Level 4 products, improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users are developed.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI – Ultraviolet Index (UVI), Level 3 – Global

UV Index (UVI) as derived from TROPOMI observations. The UVI describes the intensity of the solar ultraviolet radiation. Values around zero indicate low, values greater than 10 indicate very high UV exposure on the ground. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

Entwicklung eines humanen Cornea-Modells für die okulotoxische Sicherheitsprüfung - Charakterisierung der SV40-immortalisierten Endothel- und Keratocytenzelllinie (Dissertation)

Bis heute existiert keine validierte Alternativmethode, die im Rahmen der Risikobewertung von Chemikalien und Arzneistoffen sowie der toxikologischen Sicherheitsprüfung von Kosmetika den Augenirritations-Test nach Draize am lebenden Kaninchen vollständig ersetzen kann. Für Substanzen mit starkem Augenirritations-Potential kann die Toxizität anhand verschiedener, validierter in vitro Assays im Rahmen einer abgestuften, von der OECD empfohlenen Teststrategie mit hoher Genauigkeit erfasst werden (BCOP-Assay, ICE-Methode). Substanzen mit sehr mildem Augenirritations-Potential können zukünftig möglicherweise durch kommerziell erhältliche, dreidimensionale Cornea-Epithelmodelle identifiziert werden, die sich momentan in der Validierung befinden (EpiOcularTM Modell, SkinEthik HCETM Modell). Dagegen muss insbesondere die Lücke im Bereich der milden bis moderaten Augenirritation durch neue Alternativmethoden geschlossen werden. Die Überprädiktivität/ hohe Sensitivität der dreidimensionalen Epithelmodelle sowie die Forderung nach einem mechanistischen Ansatz, der die Tiefe der cornealen Verletzung durch toxische Substanzen berücksichtigt und damit ermöglicht, die gesamte Bandbreite an Schweregraden okulotoxischer Reaktionen abzudecken (Jester et al., 2001), erfordert die Einbeziehung weiterer cornealer Schichten, Stroma und Endothel, in ein organotypisches in vitro Modell der Cornea. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, ein solches, von Zorn-Kruppa et al. etabliertes Komplettmodell der Cornea aus drei humanen, SV40-immortalisierten Zelllinien hinsichtlich des Kulturmediums zu optimieren und diese Endothel (EC)-, Keratocyten (HCK)- und Epithel (HCE)-Zelllinie an ein gemeinsames, möglichst serumfreies Wachstumsmedium zu adaptieren. EC und HCK wurden zudem in Abhängigkeit von Art und Serumgehalt des Kulturmediums hinsichtlich der Frage, ob die organotypischen Merkmale der primären Zellen trotz der SV40-Immortalisierung erhalten geblieben sind, charakterisiert. Die EC-Zelllinie wurde auf ihre Fähigkeit zur interzellulären Kontaktinhibition untersucht, welche nach dem Erlangen der zellulären Konfluenz die Vorraussetzung zur Ausbildung und Aufrechterhaltung eines organotypischen Endothel-Monolayers darstellt (Joyce et al., 2002). Die Keratocytenzelllinie HCK wurde in Monolayer-Kultur und nach Einbettung in die collagenöse Matrix des Stroma-Äquivalents phänotypisch und funktionell sowie in Abhängigkeit von Serum und Wachstumsfaktoren charakterisiert. Insbesondere wurde die Transformation der HCK in fibrotische Phänotypen nach Stimulation mit TGF beta untersucht, welche in vivo an cornealen Wundheilungsreaktionen beteiligt sind (Fini und Stramer, 2005, Jester et al., 1999).

Tree Species - Sentinel-1/2 - Germany, 2022

The Tree Species Germany product provides a map of dominant tree species across Germany for the year 2022 at a spatial resolution of 10 meters. The map depicts the distribution of ten tree species groups derived from multi-temporal optical Sentinel-2 data, radar data from Sentinel-1, and a digital elevation model. The input features explicitly incorporate phenological information to capture seasonal vegetation dynamics relevant for species discrimination. A total of over 80,000 training and test samples were compiled from publicly accessible sources, including urban tree inventories, Google Earth Pro, Google Street View, and field observations. The final classification was generated using an XGBoost machine learning algorithm. The Tree Species Germany product achieves an overall F1-score of 0.89. For the dominant species pine, spruce, beech, and oak, class-wise F1-scores range from 0.76 to 0.98, while F1-scores for other widespread species such as birch, alder, larch, Douglas fir, and fir range from 0.88 to 0.96. The product provides a consistent, high-resolution, and up-to-date representation of tree species distribution across Germany. Its transferable, cost-efficient, and repeatable methodology enables reliable large-scale forest monitoring and offers a valuable basis for assessing spatial patterns and temporal changes in forest composition in the context of ongoing climatic and environmental dynamics.

Karte der oberflächennahen Rohstoffe der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1:200.000 (KOR200) - CC 7118 Stuttgart-Nord

Die Karte oberflächennaher Rohstoffe 1:200.000 (KOR 200) ist ein Kartenwerk, das gemeinsam von der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe und den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten der Länder (SGD) im Auftrag des Bundesministers für Wirtschaft und Arbeit auf Beschluss der Länderwirtschafts­minister vom 22. Juni 1984 erarbeitet wird. Das Kartenwerk folgt dem Blattschnitt der topographischen Übersichtskarte 1:200.000 (TÜK 200) und besteht aus 55 Kartenblättern mit jeweils einem Erläuterungsheft. Es erfolgt eine Bestandsaufnahme, Beschreibung, Darstellung und Dokumentation der Vorkommen und Lagerstätten von mineralischen Rohstoffe, die üblicherweise im Tagebau bzw. an oder nahe der Erdoberfläche gewonnen werden. Im Besonderen sind dies Industrieminerale, Steine und Erden, Torfe, Braunkohle, Ölschiefer und Solen. Die Darstellung der oberflächennahen Rohstoffe und die zusätzlichen schriftlichen Informationen sind für die Erarbeitung überregionaler, bundesweiter Planungsunterlagen, die die Nutzung oberflächennaher mineralischer Rohstoffe berühren, unentbehrlich. Auf der Karte sind neben den umgrenzten, je nach Rohstoff farblich unterschiedlich dargestellten Lagerstätten- bzw. Rohstoffflächen "Abbaustellen" (=Betriebe) bzw. "Schwerpunkte mehrerer Abbaustellen" mit je einem Symbol dargestellt. Die Eintragungen in der Karte werden ergänzt durch Texterläuterungen. Die Erläuterungsbände haben üblicherweise einen Umfang von 40 - 80 Seiten und sind derzeit nur in der gedruckten Ausgabe der Karte verfügbar. Der Text ist gegliedert in: - Einführung - Beschreibung der Lagerstätten und Vorkommen nutzbarer Gesteine - Rohstoffwirtschaftliche Bewertung der Lagerstätten und Vorkommen oberflächennaher Rohstoffe im Blattgebiet - Verwertungsmöglichkeiten der im Blattgebiet vorkommenden nutzbaren Gesteine - Schriftenverzeichnis - Anhang (u. a. mit Generallegende und Blattübersicht) Die KOR 200 stellt somit die Rohstoffpotentiale in Deutschland in bundesweit vergleichbarer Weise dar und liefert eine Grundlage für künftige Such- und Erkundungsarbeiten sowie einen Beitrag zur Sicherung der Rohstoffversorgung.

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI - Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Level 3 - Global

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) as derived from TROPOMI observations. AOD describes the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power by the absence of aerosols. Attenuation can be caused by absorption and/or scattering. AOD is the primary parameter to evaluate the impact of aerosols on weather and climate. Daily AOD observations are binned onto a regular latitude-longitude grid. The TROPOMI instrument onboard the Copernicus SENTINEL-5 Precursor satellite is a nadir-viewing, imaging spectrometer that provides global measurements of atmospheric properties and constituents on a daily basis. It is contributing to monitoring air quality and climate, providing critical information to services and decision makers. The instrument uses passive remote sensing techniques by measuring the top of atmosphere solar radiation reflected by and radiated from the earth and its atmosphere. The four spectrometers of TROPOMI cover the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), Near Infra-Red (NIR) and Short Wavelength Infra-Red (SWIR) domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The operational trace gas products generated at DLR on behave ESA are: Ozone (O3), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Methane (CH4), together with clouds and aerosol properties. This product is created in the scope of the project INPULS. It develops (a) innovative retrieval algorithms and processors for the generation of value-added products from the atmospheric Copernicus missions Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4, and Sentinel-5, (b) cloud-based (re)processing systems, (c) improved data discovery and access technologies as well as server-side analytics for the users, and (d) data visualization services.

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