The rational calculus of farmers assumed in many agricultural economic models is unrealistic and non-predictive of their actual decision making. Understanding structural change in agriculture can thus be improved via a realistic modeling of the decision making by agricultural entrepreneurs. Specifically, slow disinvestment (i.e., postponing farm exit), persistence of market structures (i.e., failure to reallocate land plots towards higher efficiency), and more generally characterizing the decision making of farmers are crucial for a better understanding of structural change and policy advice. We apply economic experiments to better understand such disinvestment choices, land markets with economies of scale and private opportunity costs, different auction and bargaining forms to improve allocation efficiency of land markets, and to generally characterize the decision making of farmers.
The natural capital of forests consists to a great extend of the forests environmental functions for human well-being, which not only include goods and services (source and sink functions) but also include life-support functions that reflect ecosystem performance (ecosystem functioning). Shifting the management approach from a traditional one to one that is more aware of the ecosystem complexity, the idea of 'ecosystem functioning is appearing to tackle gradual declines of ecosystem functions. Within CBDs framework, the Ecosystem Approach has been introduced on account of the necessity for open decision making with strong links between all stakeholders and the latest scientific knowledge due to uncertainty and unpredictability in nature. The Ecosystem Approach is still in need of further elaboration, even though as a concept Ecosystem Approach has been widely accepted. To aim forest enhancement, this approach has been regarded as the most feasible concept for the study area, the Bengawan Solo River Basin - Java, Indonesia. Therefore the principles and operational guidelines will be used to analyse and evaluate the current forest management in those areas of the Bengawan Solo River Basin, in which ecosystem function is the basis for forest development area. This research focuses on ecological functions of forests at various levels of ecosystem management planning, from the forestry sectors point of view.
Im April 2012 führte PUMA das Rücknahmesystem Bring Me Back ein. Seither können Kunden in PUMA Stores weltweit gebrauchte Produkte zurückgeben, die dann durch die Firma I:CO der Weiterverwendung und Verwertung zugeführt werden. Auch die Produkte der neuen recyclefähigen und biologisch abbaubaren PUMA-InCycle-Kollektion, die seit März 2013 auf dem Markt sind, werden so erfasst. Hierzu gehört etwa das recycelbare PUMA Track Jacket, das zu 98 Prozent aus Polyester aus gebrauchten PET-Flaschen besteht. Der PUMA-Rucksack aus Polypropylen wird nach Gebrauch an den ursprünglichen Hersteller zurückgegeben, der das Material wieder zu neuen Rucksäcken verarbeitet. Durch solche Neuentwicklungen will PUMA seine Planungs- und Entscheidungsbasis verbessern. Deshalb hat sie bifa mit der Analyse abfallwirtschaftlicher Optionen für gebrauchte PUMA Produkte beauftragt. bifa untersuchte hierzu Referenzprodukte und Optionen für die Erfassung und Sortierung von Produkten und Materialien. 35 Pfade mit unterschiedlichen Verwertungs- und Beseitigungsansätzen wurden entwickelt und bewertet. Die Realisierungschancen der Pfade wurden dann dem zu erwartenden Nutzen insbes. für die Umwelt gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurde zwischen gut entwickelten und wenig entwickelten Abfallwirtschaften (Waste-Picking-Szenario W-P-Szenario) unterschieden. Es zeigte sich, dass Pfade, die im Szenario Abfallwirtschaft ökologisch nachteilig sind, im W-P-Szenario durchaus vorteilhaft sein können. Im W-P-Szenario sind zudem Pfade realisierbar, die in entwickelten Abfallwirtschaften keine Chance hätten. Die moderne Abfallverbrennung ist für W-P-Szenarien ökologisch vorteilhaft, aber dennoch eine schwierige Option. In entwickelten Abfallwirtschaften sollten Sammlung und Wiedereinsatz gebrauchter Schuhe und Textilien weiterentwickelt werden. Die folgenden generellen Empfehlungen wurden gegeben: - Der Einsatz von Recyclingmaterialien in PUMA-Produkten ist aus ökologischer Sicht zu empfehlen. Diese Erkenntnis wird auch durch die Ergebnisse der ersten ökologischen Gewinn-und-Verlust-Rechnung von PUMA belegt. Über die Hälfte aller Umweltauswirkungen entlang der gesamten Produktions- und Lieferkette des Unternehmens werden bei der Herstellung von Rohmaterialien verursacht - Das Produktdesign sollte auch für bestehende Verwertungspfade optimiert werden, da realistischerweise nur ein Teil der Produkte über das Sammelsystem erfasst werden kann - Die ökologischen Vorteile von Produkten, die aus nur einem Material bestehen, kommen nur dann zum Tragen, wenn das Produkt nach Gebrauch aussortiert und das Material tatsächlich recycelt wird - Biol. abbaubare Produkte können auch Nachteile haben, zum Beispiel die schnellere Entwicklung von klimaschädlichem Methan bei ungeordneter Deponierung - Eine Verlängerung der Produktlebensdauer über den gesamten Lebenszyklus einschl. der Verwendung als Gebrauchtprodukt ist der effektivste Weg, Umweltlasten zu reduzieren. Meth. Ökobilanzierung und Systemanalyse (Text gekürzt)
Ecological use of wood resources in Switzerland In this project, researchers develop decision-making aids on environmental policy issues for actors in politics and industry. In so doing, they consider the entire life cycle of wood: from forestry via manufacturing and multiple use of wood products (cascade use) through to its use as a source of energy, or its disposal. Background Rising prices of resources and environmental problems call for an efficient use of renewable resources both for material and energetic applications. Thus future generations will not be able to afford to underuse the resource wood, as is still the case today. In order to make better use of wood, models are needed that not only incorporate mass fluxes, but also provide a comprehensive and spatially resolved assessment of the environment. Aim The aim of the project is to develop strategies that facilitate the sustainable and efficient use of wood resources in Switzerland. For this purpose, the researchers are studying existing and potential future value chains with the help of dynamic and spatially-resolved material flow and life-cycle analyses, improving methods for the assessment of ecological impacts of forestry and wood use as well as evaluating new technologies and giving feedback to their developers within the scope of NRP 66. The insights gained in the project will help the researchers to develop and assess different wood usage scenarios, from which they will derive strategies for decision-makers in politics, industry, forestry and research. Significance The project will result in a software tool which can be used to test nascent technologies in respect of their ecological consequences. First users of the new tool will be researchers developing new technologies and products in NRP 66 partner projects. Based on the knowledge gained through the research work, political strategies for an ecologically sound management of wood as a resource will be proposed.
Ziel von EKLIPSE ist es, Akteure aus Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft zusammenzubringen, um sicherzustellen, dass Entscheidungen, die Auswirkungen auf Natur und Umwelt haben, auf einer soliden Wissensbasis getroffen werden. Das Projektteam etabliert einen flexiblen, beständigen - aber innovativen - sowie transparenten Mechanismus, der den Wissensbedarf insbesondere für Entscheidungen adressiert, die Biodiversität und Ökosystemleistungen betreffen. Dieser europäische Mechanismus reagiert auf Anfragen von Politik und gesellschaftlichen Akteuren in diesem Feld.
Goal within the TERRECO Assessments: Determine the alternative perspective to TERRECO WP 2-15 that may occur when viewing ecosystem services at regional scale and the viewpoint of resource managers Develop social interpretations that allow predictions in decision making in the context of global change trade-offs Doctoral stipend financed by DFG (Germany). In recent decades, global climate has undergone changes that have led to extreme weather events having strong impacts at regional and local scales. These observations summarized as 'climate change' have become a prominent topic for research in the scientific community, especially in the natural sciences and additionally among political actors, e.g., governments, political parties and NGOs. Due to conclusive scientific evidence for warming of the atmosphere, and the potentially associated negative consequences, national governments have included climate change in their considerations with respect to formulating environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies. The key focus of this study is on the political discourse related to climate change in South Korea; it critcally analyzes recent political rhetoric from the standpoint of material outcomes and results. Furthermore, the mode and success of implementation of climate change related policies will be examined on the regional level (Kangwon Province) and locally among farmers in Inje County. In order to clarify the relationship between political decision-making at the national level and potential implementation at local levels, climate change will be considered as a social concept that is perceived by different actors in different ways. Linking adaptation and mitigation programs along with their implementation via political discourse, competition for influence and media communication to the social realities of farmers is a key aspect to understanding how political as well as individual decision-making are realized. In order to consider the protection of natural resources in South Korea, an evaluation and categorization of climate-change-related policies in terms of ecosystem services and their trade-offs will be carried out. The analysis will include text compilations, examination, and interpretation. To aid in interpretation, interviews with experts will be conducted. At local level, an extensive survey is planned in different villages of Inje County in order to build an understanding for the concept of climate change held by farmers and their response to global change, e.g., shifting climate, markets and demography at regional scale. Knowledge about the structure of political instruments, their way of implementation and the response of the local populations will help define interesting development scenarios for Kangwon Province that may be evaluated within TERRECO.
Ecologic Institut unterstützt EUREAU in seinem Beitrag über finanziell nachhaltige Lösungen für die Wasserwirtschaft im Rahmen des 2012 World Water Forum (http://www.worldwaterforum6.org/) in Marseille. Ein zentraler Aspekt dieser Lösungen ist die Förderung des '3T'-Ansatzes, der von der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) entwickelt wurde. Die Studie entwickelt eine praktische methodische Anleitung (Handbuch) um eine konsistente, auf den Endnutzer zugeschnittene Vorgehensweise zu etablieren, die finanzielle Daten auf Basis der 3Ts Methodik der OECD strukturiert. Um konkrete Beispiele und Illustrationen zu schaffen, wendet die Studie die erarbeitete 3Ts Methodik innerhalb einer quantitativen Analyse von ausgewählten europäischen Wasserversorgungsbetrieben auf unterschiedlichen geografischen und administrativen Ebenen (Gemeinde / Region / Land) an. Das letztendliche Ziel des Handbuchs ist die Entwicklung und Förderung der 3Ts als Schlüssel zur Entscheidungshilfe in der Finanzplanung der Wasserdienstleistungen - ein Hilfsmittel, dass in verschiedenen Publikationen, vor allem in EUREAU Publikation, verwendet werden kann.
The MERCW project focuses on the study of chemical munition dump sites in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak area. Through focused site investigations an assessment will be made of the ecological risks related to the dumped warfare for the marine ecosystem and people. The main objectives of the project involve: a) to develop and apply innovative, integrated geophysical, geo- and hydrochemical, hydrographical, and hydrobiological site investigations; b) to evaluate and model the release, migration and degradation of toxic compounds as well as their degradation products in the environment; c) to develop a regional ecological risk assessment model; d) to illustrate the results from the risk assessment using innovative visualisation; e) to develop an indicator concept for use in decision-making based an the DPSIR-concept.
The Network of Excellence, ECATS, will be a durable and long lasting means of cooperation and communication within Europe, made up of a number of leading Research Establishments and Universities who have expertise in the field of aeronautics and the environment. ECATS's vision is to contribute to the environmental goals of the Vision 2020 for Aeronautics and the Strategic Research Agenda. The overall goals of ECATS are to create a European Virtual Institute for research of environmental compatible air transport; to develop and maintain durable means for cooperation and communication within Europe and to strengthen Europe's excellence and its role of the influence in the international community. The Joint Research Programme will take into account engine technology, alternative fuels, aviations impact on air quality, operational aspects of aviation, and the development of scenarios. Lasting integration will be achieved by joint management and working structures, joint-decision making processes and will be supported through specific integration activities as a common web-based information and communication system, common education, training and exchange programmes, coordinated use of facilities and equipment, dissemination and joint management of innovation. The excellence and commitment of the ECATS partners, many of whom are already linked through their participation in AERONET, will guarantee an effective and durable integration. Support by community funding will be applied for a period of 5 years. FZK is concentrating on activities in the area of airport air quality.
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