Other language confidence: 0.6993385451282045
Farm structures are often characterized by regional heterogeneity, agglomeration effects, sub-optimal farm sizes and income disparities. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether this is a result of path dependent structural change, what the determinants of path dependence are, and how it may be overcome. The focus is on the German dairy sector which has been highly regulated and subsidized in the past and faces severe structural deficits. The future of this sector in the process of an ongoing liberalization will be analyzed by applying theoretical concepts of path dependence and path breaking. In these regards, key issues are the actual situation, technological and market trends as well as agricultural policies. The methodology will be based on a participative use of the agent-based model AgriPoliS and participatory laboratory experiments. On the one hand, AgriPoliS will be tested as a tool for stakeholder oriented analysis of mechanisms, trends and policy effects. This part aims to analyze whether and how path dependence of structural change can be overcome on a sector level. In a second part, AgriPoliS will be extended such that human players (farmers, students) can take over the role of agents in the model. This part aims to compare human agents with computer agents in order to overcome single farm path dependence.
We experimentally manipulated the presence of light and light intensity (F = 36.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹; D = 0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹; L = 4.8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹; M = 21.4 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and tested their effects on the vertical positioning of the freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbii) medusae. For the experiments, approximately 100 C. sowerbii medusae were collected in August 2017 in two lakes (Haager Weiher and Leitner Weiher) in Bavaria, Germany. Testing was carried out at Seeon Limnological Station in close vicinity to the collection site. The experimental columns were 7.4 cm in diameter and 170 cm high and were marked with horizontal lines every 5 cm for visual position estimation. Four replicates run in parallel. One C. sowerbii medusa was used in each experimental column. Data cover three light treatments, each run twice: 1) 16:8 h full light (F)–dark (D) light intensity cycles (nF = 716, nD = 428), 2) 16:8 h full light (F)–full dark (D) light intensity cycles complemented with low (L) and medium (M) light intensities (nF = 96, nM = 96, nL = 48, nD = 288), and 3) altered light intensities in approximately 2-hour periods randomly among dark, low, medium, and full light intensities (nF = 96, nM = 76, nL = 72, nD = 336). Results show that light alone was sufficient to trigger a vertical position change of jellyfish towards the water surface, especially high light.
Die Nukleation von Eispartikeln spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Wolken- und Niederschlagsbildung, mit Konsequenten für die atmosphärische Chemie, die Wolkenphysik und das Erdklima. Für eine Quantifizierung und Vorhersage des Einflusses von Wolken in Wettervorhersage- und Klimamodellen muss die Bildung von Eispartikeln daher in einer realistischen Art und Weise beschrieben werden. Einer der wichtigen Bildungsmechanismen ist dabei die heterogene Eisnukleation im Immersionsmodus, bei dem Eis an der Oberfläche eines in einem wässrigen Tröpfchen suspendierten Eiskeims - zum Beispiel eines Mineralstaub- Partikels - gebildet wird. Wir werden im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojekts zahlreiche Gefrierexperimente im Immersionsmodus durchführen. So werden eine Reihe verschiedener, als Aerosolpartikel in der Atmosphäre vorkommende Materialien auf ihre Eisnukleationseigenschaften hin untersucht werden. Insbesondere sollen hier die Temperatur- und Zeitabhängigkeit der von diesen Materialien ausgelösten Eisnukleation quantifiziert werden. Dabei werden wir spezielles Augenmerk auf die systematische Untersuchung der von porösen Materialien ausgelösten Eisnukleation legen. Es sollen sowohl synthetische Materialien wie beispielsweise mesoporöse Silikate untersucht werden, als auch natürlich vorkommende Materialien wie etwa mikroporöse Zeolithe.
It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.
The sorption of anions in geotechnical multibarrier systems of planned high level waste repositories (HLWR) and of non-ionic and organic pollutants in conventional waste disposals are in the center of recent research. In aquatic systems, persistent radionuclides such as 79Se, 99Tc, 129I exist in a form of anions. There is strongly increasing need to find materials with high sorption capacities for such pollutants. Specific requirements on barrier materials are long-term stability of adsorbent under various conditions such as T > 100 C, varying hydrostatic pressure, and the presence of competing ions. Organo-clays are capable to sorb high amounts of cations, anions and non-polar molecules simultaneously having selectivity for certain ions. This project is proposed to improve the understanding of sorption and desorption processes in organo-clays. Additionally, the modification of material properties under varying chemical and thermal conditions will be determined by performing diffusion and advection experiments. Changes by sorption and diffusion will be analyzed by determining surface charge and contact angles. Molecular simulations on models of organo-clays will be conducted in an accord with experiments with aim to understand and analyze experimental results. The computational part of the project will profit from the collaboration of German partner with the group in Vienna, which has a long standing experience in a modeling of clay minerals.
Dieser Fortsetzungsantrag eines bestehenden Forschungsprojekts innerhalb der Forschergruppe INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research UnIT) hat zum Ziel, die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von atmosphärischen Eiskeimen (ice nucleating particles, INP) und Eispartikelresiduen (ice particle residuals, IPR) zu untersuchen. Es werden hauptsächlich zwei Messtechniken eingesetzt: virtueller Gegenstromimpaktor und Laserablationsmassenspektrometrie. Eiskeime (INP) aus atmosphärischem Aerosol werden erst in einem Eiskeimzähler aktiviert, so dass sich Eiskristalle bilden, die dann mit einem bepumpten Gegenstromimpaktor aufgrund ihrer Größe extrahiert und verdunstet werden können. Die freigesetzten INP können wiederum mit dem Massenspektrometer oder anderen Messtechniken untersucht werden. Dieses Experiment wird während einer Feldmesskampagne in der Nähe der Quellen von potentiell guten Eiskeimen (Mineralstaub, Biopartikel, anthropogene Partikel) durchgeführt. Ein geeigneter Kampagnenort hierfür ist die Mittelmeerregion, z.B. Südspanien. Die Eispartikelresiduen werden direkt aus unterkühlten Mischphasenwolken gesammelt. Hierzu wird ein spezieller Eis-Gegenstromimpaktor eingesetzt, der nur Eiskristalle sammelt und von den unterkühlten Wolkentröpfchen trennt. Nach der Sammlung wird das Eis der Eiskristalle verdunstet, so dass die Eisresidualpartikel freigesetzt werden und mittels des Laser- Ablationsmassenspektrometers analysiert werden können. Dieses Experiment wird auf einer Bergstation (Jungfraujoch) durchgeführt. Die Kombination aus Eiskeimzähler, bepumptem Gegenstromimpaktor und Massenspektrometer wird auch unter Laborbedingen zur Bestimmung der Eiskeimfähigkeit von internen und externen Partikelmischungen (z.B. biologisch/mineralisch) betrieben. Das Laserablationsmassenspektrometer in seiner Eigenschaft als Einzelpartikel-Analysegerät wird ebenfalls dazu eingesetzt, um den Mischungszustand der erzeugten Mischpartikel zu charakterisieren.
This subproject aims at the development of spectral electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as a non-destructive tool for the imaging, characterization and monitoring of root structure and function in the subsoil at the field scale. The approach takes advantage of the capacitive properties of the soil-root interface associated with induced electrical polarization processes at the root membrane. These give rise to a characteristic electrical signature (impedance spectrum), which is measurable in an imaging framework using EIT. In the first project phase, the methodology is developed by means of controlled rhizotron experiments in the laboratory. The goal is to establish quantitative relationships between characteristics of the measured impedance spectra and parameters describing root system morphology, root growth and activity in dependence on root type, soil type and structure (with/without biopores), as well as ambient conditions. Parallel to this work, sophisticated EIT inversion algorithms, which take the natural characteristics of root system architecture into account when solving the inherent inverse problem, will be developed and tested in numerical experiments. Thus the project will provide an understanding of electrical impedance spectra in terms of root structure and function, as well as specifically adapted EIT inversion algorithms for the imaging and monitoring of root dynamics. The method will be applied at the field scale (central field trial in Klein-Altendorf), where non-destructive tools for the imaging and monitoring of subsoil root dynamics are strongly desired, but at present still lacking.
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