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Das Energiewende-Szenario 2020 - Ausstieg aus der Atomenergie, Einstieg in Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung

Das Projekt "Das Energiewende-Szenario 2020 - Ausstieg aus der Atomenergie, Einstieg in Klimaschutz und nachhaltige Entwicklung" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Bündnis 90,Die Grünen, Bundestagsfraktion / Bündnis90 , Die Grünen im Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen / Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung e.V.. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Öko-Institut. Institut für angewandte Ökologie e.V..

Implementierung des EU-HFKW-Phase - down in Deutschland

Das Projekt "Implementierung des EU-HFKW-Phase - down in Deutschland" wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Öko-Recherche. Büro für Umweltforschung und -beratung GmbH.Die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 517/2014 über fluorierte Treibhausgase und zur Aufhebung der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 842/2006 ('F-Gas-VO') gibt seit dem Jahr 2015 mittels des 'Phase-down' eine schrittweise Reduzierung der in der EU verwendeten Mengen an teilfluorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen (HFKW) um 79 % bis zum Jahr 2030 vor. Betrachtungen, in welchem Umfang die gesetzlichen Vorgaben zu einer Durchsetzung von HFKW-Alternativen in den einzelnen betroffenen Sektoren in Deutschland geführt haben, gab es bislang nicht. Dieses Vorhaben beleuchtet den Stand der Umsetzung der F-Gas-VO in Deutschland und analysiert die aktuelle Verwendung von HFKW-Alternativen im Kälte-Klima-Sektor. Zudem zeigen Projektionen die Marktdurchdringung der Alternativen in den Sektoren Gewerbekälte, Industriekälte, Transportkälte sowie der stationären und mobilen Klimatisierung bis zum Jahr 2030, wobei Neu- und Bestandsanlagen betrachtet werden. Alle Daten werden mit Hilfe eines Modells berechnet, wobei detaillierte Annahmen zu den künftigen Verwendungsmengen von HFKW sowie deren Alternativen getroffen wurden. Die Gegenüberstellung der in Deutschland zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Verwendungsmengen (SOLL-Mengen) und der projizierten HFKW-Mengen (IST-Mengen) in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik zeigt 2018 über alle Sektoren ein deutliches Überschreiten der insgesamt zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen, ausgedrückt in CO2-Äquivalenten. Zwar sinken entsprechend der getroffenen Annahmen die HFKW-Verwendungsmengen im IST-Szenario kontinuierlich, allerdings nicht in ausreichendem Maße, um in den Jahren der Reduktionsschritte das SOLL zu erfüllen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass andere Anwendungen außerhalb der Kälte- und Klimatechnik, wie etwa der Einsatz von HFKW als Schaumtreibmittel, Aerosol, Lösemittel oder Feuerlöschmittel, noch nicht eingerechnet sind. Auch der HFKW-Bedarf für die Umrüstung von Bestandsanlagen ist im Modell nicht berücksichtigt. Daneben wird grundsätzlich angenommen, dass fortlaufend technische Innovationen stattfinden, die zur Verringerung der erforderlichen HFKW-Mengen führen. In den einzelnen Anwendungssektoren stellt sich das Bild sehr unterschiedlich dar: Für viele Sektoren wird eine kontinuierliche Überschreitung der zur Verfügung stehenden HFKW-Mengen projiziert. In der Industriekälte ist jedoch mit einem deutlichen Rückgang der Verwendungsmengen zu rechnen und auch andere Sektoren können nach anfänglichem Überschreiten der Mengen ihren HFKW-Bedarf durch den Einsatz von Niedrig-GWP-Kältemitteln deutlich reduzieren (Flüssigkeitskühlsätze und PKWs). Insgesamt können gemäß diesen Berechnungen die EU HFKW-Phase-down Schritte nur zeitverzögert erfüllt werden.

Änderungen der Zwischenwasserzirkulation im äquatorialen Westatlantik während der letzten 20,000 Jahre

Das Projekt "Änderungen der Zwischenwasserzirkulation im äquatorialen Westatlantik während der letzten 20,000 Jahre" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bremen, Zentrum für marine Umweltwissenschaften.Die Zirkulation des Antarktischen Zwischenwasser (AAIW) stellt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Atlantischen Meridionalen Umwälzbewegung (AMOC, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation) dar und ist daher entscheidend für das Verständnis des globalen Ozean-Klima-Systems. Die Zufuhr des kalten und salzarmen AAIW in den Nordatlantik beeinflusst die Bildung des Nordatlantischen Tiefenwassers (NADW, North Atlantic Deep Water). Vermutet wird, dass Änderungen in der AAIW Zirkulation während abrupter Kältephasen der letzten 20,000 Jahren zu einer verminderter NADW Bildung beigetragen haben. Spekulativ bleibt aber, ob diese Phasen abgeschwächter AMOC auf eine Zu- oder Abnahme der AAIW Zirkulation zurückzuführen sind. Aufgrund fehlender hochauflösender Klimaarchive ist bislang nur wenig bekannt über einen möglichen AAIW-NADW Kopplungsprozess. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist daher eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der AAIW Zirkulation und dessen Einfluss auf die AMOC während der letzten Abschmelzphase und des frühen Holozäns, vor allem während des Heinrich Stadials 1 und der Jüngeren Dryas. Der äquatoriale Westatlantik ist für diese Fragestellung eine höchst spannende Region, da dieser eine Schlüsselregion im globalen ozeanischen Strömungssystem darstellt. Demnach haben Zirkulationsschwankungen innerhalb dieses Gebietes weitreichende Folgen für die Variabilität auch entfernter Regionen in Nord-und Südatlantik sowie das Klima dort. Zwei grundsätzliche Fragen ergeben sich aus der Abfolge der Klimaereignisse der letzten 20,000 Jahre: (1) Welche Veränderungen finden in der Zwischenwasserzirkulation des äquatoriale Westatlantik während Phasen abgeschwächter AMOC statt, und inwieweit stehen diese Veränderungen im Zusammenhang mit einer Zu- oder Abnahme der AAIW Zirkulation. (2) Inwieweit besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Änderungen in der AAIW Zirkulation und Klimaänderungen in der Südhemisphäre? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, werden entlang eines Transekts mehrere hochauflösende Sedimentkerne aus verschiedenen Wassertiefen (bis zu 2000 m) entlang des brasilianischen Kontinentalhanges untersucht. Die Rekonstruktionen basieren hauptsächlich auf isotopengeochemischen Messungen an Foraminiferen, welche durch Spurenelementanalysen ergänzt werden. Dadurch können Herkunft und Transportwege von Wassermassen im Ozean entschlüsselt und Veränderungen der Ozeanzirkulation im Zusammenhang mit Klimaschwankungen der Vergangenheit gebracht werden.

ARchaeological RObot systems for the World's Seas (ARROWS)

Das Projekt "ARchaeological RObot systems for the World's Seas (ARROWS)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: University of Firenze.ARROWS proposes to adapt and develop low cost autonomous underwater vehicle technologies to significantly reduce the cost of archaeological operations, covering the full extent of archaeological campaign. Benefiting from the significant investments already made for military security and offshore oil and gas applications, the project aims to demonstrate an illustrative portfolio of mapping, diagnosis and excavation tasks. ARROWS approach is to identify the archaeologists requirements in all phases of the campaign, identify problems and propose technological solutions with the technological readiness levels that predict their maturation for exploitation within 3-5 years. The individual technologies are then developed during the course of the project using agile development method comprising rapid cycles of testing and comparison against the end user requirements. To ensure the wide exploitability of the results the requirements are defined and the solutions are tested in two historically significant but environmentally very different contexts, in The Mediterranean Sea and in The Baltic Sea. Both immediate, low risk and long term, high risk developments will be pursued. In particular: - Fast a low cost horizontal surveys of large areas using customised AUVs with multimodal sensing. - Fast and low cost semi-automated data analysing tools for site and object relocation - High quality maps from better image reconstruction methods and better localization abilities of AUVs. - Shipwreck penetration and internal mapping using small low cost vehicles localising using fixed pingers. - Soft excavation tool for diagnosis and excavation of fragile objects. - Mixed reality environments for virtual exploration of archaeological sites. - Monitoring of changes via back-to-the-site missions. The ARROWS consortium comprises expertise from underwater archaeology, underwater engineering, robotics, image processing and recognition from academia and industry.

Local Beer Production in Urban Burkina Faso - Impacts of Improved Brewing Processes on Firewood Consumption

Das Projekt "Local Beer Production in Urban Burkina Faso - Impacts of Improved Brewing Processes on Firewood Consumption" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Netherland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB). Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. RWI, Kompetenzbereich Umwelt und Ressourcen.Small-scale production of local sorghum beer has a long tradition in Sahelian countries. In Burkina Faso the beer called 'Dolo' is deeply embedded in the local culture and consumed with moderation by the Burkinabè population. The craft of Dolo production is exclusively reserved to women, the so-called 'Dolotières', of which a few hundred are active in Ougadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The production process in the dry country is very firewood intensive: In fact, according to the Ministry of Environment, firewood consumed by the Dolotières accounts for 50Prozent of total firewood consumption in Ouagadougou. The firewood usage in Ouagadougou, in turn, imposes substantial pressures on firewood markets and wood stands in surrounding rural areas, which has tremendous implications for large parts of the country's population that rely on this fuel for their day-to-day cooking purposes. Against this background, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has incorporated one component in its Improved Cooking Stoves program 'Foyers Améliorés Au Burkina Faso' (FAFASO) that aims at introducing improved brewing devices among the brewers through promotion and subsidization activities. Like the mobile improved cooking stoves for households, these stationary stoves are designed to reduce fuel consumption per stove application and to curb smoke emissions. The purpose of this research project is to assess the impacts of this intervention on the firewood consumption in the beer brewing sector. In September 2010, a baseline survey was conducted by a local institute. Together with the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), RWI will implement a follow-up survey in September 2012 in order to assess the extent to which the Dolotières have adopted the improved brewing devices and in how far this has actually brought down firewood consumption. If possible, a difference-in-difference approach will be applied. Depending on the penetration rate of the brewing devices and the take-up rate among the baseline sample, a further cross-sectional dimension will be added to the identification approach. This research effort will thus show whether focussing on commercial firewood users is an effective way to relieve pressures on the firewood market.

Weak snowpack layers: formation and detection

Das Projekt "Weak snowpack layers: formation and detection" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, Eidgenössisches Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung.Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard in mountainous areas throughout the world. Avalanche forecasting, which aims at warning the public on the current and near future avalanche risk, relies on weather observations and forecasts as well as snow cover instability observations. Snow slab avalanches, which represent the vast majority of destructive avalanches,start with a failure in a buried weak snowpack layer. Such weak layers often form at or near the snow surface. Avalanche forecasters and researchers alike are therefore extremely interested in snow properties at the snow surface as well as within the snow cover. Traditional manual snowpack observations, which are still widely uised, are too time consuming and subjective to provide accurate measurements of the properties of the snow cover. Numerical models and modern measuring techniques, specifically the SnowMicroPenetrometer (SMP), have therefore been developed to improve avalanche forecasting. The SMP is a portable measuring device which records high resolution penetration resistance data of the snow stratigraphy. However, due to the difficult interpretation of the data, especially in relation to avalanche formation, thus far these modern technologies are not widely used to improve avalanche forecasting. This is in part because the physical processes leading to the formation of weak snowpack layers are not yet fully understood nor is the relation between SMP penetration resistance data and the physical properties of snow. The aim of the proposal is therefore to increase the knowledge on the formation of weak snowpack layers and to develop a signal processing method to automatically identify and characterize layers within SMP signals. This will be done by developing experimental procedures to study the physical processes governing the formation of near surface weak snowpack layers in the cold laboratory. Several experiments with different controlled boundary conditions will be performed, the changes of the physical properties of the snow will be tracked and the limiting conditions for layer reproduction will be identified. In parallel, systematic measurements on homogeneous as well as layered snow samples with the SMP will be performed in the cold laboratory. This will help relating SMP penetration resistance data to physical parameters of snow and lead to the development of a signal processing method to automatically identify and characterize layers within SMP signals. Additionally, field data will be collected to validate the automatic layer identification method.

Network of DER laboratories and pre-standardisation (DER-LAB)

Das Projekt "Network of DER laboratories and pre-standardisation (DER-LAB)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Fraunhofer-Institut für Windenergie und Energiesystemtechnik (IWES), Institutsteil München.Objective: The main objective of the proposed Network of Excellence (NoE) DER-Lab is to support the sustainable integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed energy resources (DER) in the electricity supply by developing common requirements, quality criteria, as well as proposing test and certification procedures concerning connection, safety, operation and communication of DER-components and systems. DER-Lab intends to strengthen the EC domestic market and to protect European interests on the international standardisation level. A major objective is to establish a durable European DER-Lab Network that will be a world player in this field. The NoE will bring together a group of organisations for the development of certification procedures for DER- components for electricity grids. The NoE will act as a platform to exchange the current state of knowledge between the different European institutes and other groups. The scattered, but high quality research and test facilities will be combined with great benefit for the European research infrastructure DER-Lab will contribute by developing new concepts for control and supervision of electricity supply and distribution and will bundle at European level specific aspects concerning the integration of RES technologies. The absence of European and international standards for the quality and certification of components and systems for DER is a hindrance to the growth of the European market and for European penetration of the world market. It is within the aims of the proposed NoE to reduce these barriers and to work towards common certification procedures for DER components that will be accepted throughout Europe and the world. Obviously this work cannot be done on a national basis. The results of the project and afterwards the output of the network will be a significant contribution to the European standardisation activities and will contribute to the harmonisation of the different national standards.

Physical Mechanisms of Soil Erosion: Modelling and Validation

Das Projekt "Physical Mechanisms of Soil Erosion: Modelling and Validation" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPF), Institut d'Amenagement des Terres et des Eaux (IATE).Soil erosion is a world-wide problem with both economic and environmental effects. Consequences include loss of arable land and sediment-derived impacts on receiving water bodies. Even relatively small amounts of erosion can exceed the soil generation rate. Soil sediments are potential pollutants of receiving waters as they reduce light penetration and carry chemical pollutants such as pesticides and phosphorus. Soil erosion can be considered at local and basin scales. Rain is often the main initiator of erosion; other mechanisms include sheet erosion, rilling and gullying. These are all inherently hillslope-scale processes, the mechanisms of which involve connections between rainfall and raindrop impact, water flow, shear stress at the surface of the soil, sediment entrainment and deposition, etc. Management of soil erosion needs to be considered at the basin scale while attenuation measures are local. Physical understanding of erosion is based on local scale processes. At this scale overland flow-borne sediments and rilling (small channels that can be removed relatively easily) are the most important mechanisms. Rills have the potential to form channels under conditions of continued erosion. In addition, rills form in areas of flow concentration and thus rills are much more serious for erosion than interrill areas. The long-term goal of this fundamental research is to develop and validate process-based models of erosion-derived sediment transport at the scale of an element in a discretized catchment model, along with accompanying transport and transformations of nutrients and pollutants. This project seeks to fill one of the fundamental gaps in knowledge: mechanistic modelling of sediment transport at the local scale within a catchment. The project will further develop the mechanistic hillslope-scale Hairsine-Rose erosion model. This model includes both overland flow and sediment dynamics, and has been found to predict well erosion experimental data. However, it involves mechanistic assumptions that need to be clarified, and in addition it needs to be applied to circumstances that are more representative of reality, rather than constrained laboratory conditions. Potential mechanisms that could have significant effects on erosion modelling include the effect of infiltration/redistribution within the soil and the role of specific erosional mechanisms such as re-entrainment of previously eroded material verses transport by raindrop impact. Other factors to be investigated and modelled are multiple rainfall events and the effect of variable stone cover. Experiments and modelling will provide the basis of ascertaining the importance of such mechanisms.

Energy Storage for Direct Steam Solar Power Plants (DISTOR)

Das Projekt "Energy Storage for Direct Steam Solar Power Plants (DISTOR)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut für Technische Thermodynamik.Objective: Solar thermal power plants represent today's most economic systems to generate electricity from solar insulation in them-range in regions like the Mediterranean area. By demonstrating the feasibility of direct steam generation in the absorber pipes European industry and research institutions have gained a leading position in this technology area. A key element foray successful market penetration is the availability of storage systems to reduce the dependence on the course of solarinsolation. The most important benefits result from -reduced internal costs due to increased efficiency and extended utilisation of the power block-facilitating the integration of a solar power plant into an electrical grid-adoption of electricity production to the demand thus increasing revenues Efficient storage systems for steam power plants demand transfer of energy during the charging/discharging process at constant temperatures. The DISTOR project focuses on the development of systems using phase change materials (PCM) as storage media. In order to accelerate the development, the DISTOR project is based on parallel research on three different storage concepts. These concepts include innovative aspects like encapsulated PCM, evaporation heat transfer and new design concepts. This parallel approach takes advantage of synergy effects and will enable the identification of the most promising storage concept. A consortium covering the various aspects of design and manufacturing has been formed from manufacturers, engineering companies and research institutions experienced in solar thermal power plants and PCM technology. The project will provide advanced storage material based on PCM for the temperature range of 200-300 C adapted to the needs of Direct Steam generation thus expanding Europe's strong position in solar thermal power plants.

Bringing Retrofit Innovation to Application in Public Buildings (BRITA IN PUBS)

Das Projekt "Bringing Retrofit Innovation to Application in Public Buildings (BRITA IN PUBS)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Brüssel. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik.Objective: The BRITA proposal on Eco-buildings aims to increase the market penetration of innovative and effective retrofit solutions to improve energy and implement renewables, with moderate additional costs. In the first place, this will be realised by the exemplary retrofit of 9 demonstration public buildings in the four participating European region (North, Central, South, East). By choosing public buildings of different types such as colleges, cultural centres, nursery homes, student houses, churches etc. for implementing the measures it will awareness and sensitise society on energy conservation. Secondly, the research work packages will include the socio-economic research such as the identification of real project-planning needs and financing strategies, the assessment of design guidelines, the development of an internet-based knowledge tool on retrofit measures and case studies and a quality control-tool box to secure a good long-term performance of the building and the systems.

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