Epiphyte stellen eine wichtige Komponente tropischer Wälder dar, und es wird angenommen, dass diese mehr als andere Lebensformen unter Klimaveränderungen leiden werden. Da Epiphyten viele Prozesse tropischer Wälder beeinflussen, könnte sich dies seinerseits negativ auf das ganze Ökosystem auswirken. Publizierte Langzeitstudien, die sich dieser Hypothese widmen und die Dynamik und Zusammensetzung epiphytischer Gefäßpflanzen in situ dokumentieren, gab es bis vor kurzem nicht. Deswegen wurden im Jahr 1997 in Zentralpanama verschiedene plots eingerichtet, die 1) auf Populations- und Gemeinschaftsebene durch wiederholte Zensus die Langzeitdynamik im natürlichen Lebensraum direkt dokumentieren und 2) dadurch die Grundlagen für experimentelle Analysen schaffen. Die bisherigen, teilweise bereits publizierten Ergebnisse belegen eine überraschende Dynamik, zeigen aber auch, dass als zeitlicher Horizont für aussagekräftige Ergebnisse sicher mehrere Jahrzehnte avisiert werden müssen.
To predict ecosystem reactions to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) it is essential to understandthe interactions between plant carbon input, microbial community composition and activity and associated nutrient dynamics. Long-term observations (greater than 13 years) within the Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (Giessen FACE) study on permanent grassland showed next to an enhanced biomass production an unexpected strong positive feedback effect on ecosystem respiration and nitrous oxide (N2O) production. The overall goal of this study is to understand the long-term effects of eCO2 and carbon input on microbial community composition and activity as well as the associated nitrogen dynamics, N2O production and plant N uptake in the Giessen FACE study on permanent grassland. A combination of 13CO2 pulse labelling with 15N tracing of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- will be carried out in situ. Different fractions of soil organic matter (recalcitrant, labile SOM) and the various mineral N pools in the soil (NH4+, NO3-, NO2-), gross N transformation rates, pool size dependent N2O and N2 emissions as well as N species dependent plant N uptake rates and the origin of the CO2 respiration will be quantified. Microbial analyses will include exploring changes in the composition of microbial communities involved in the turnover of NH4+, NO3-, N2O and N2, i.e. ammonia oxidizing, denitrifying, and microbial communities involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA). Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) and mRNA based analyses will be employed to comparably evaluate the long-term effects of eCO2 on the structure and abundance of these communities, while transcripts of these genes will be used to target the fractions of the communities which actively contribute to N transformations.
The biogeochemical interface (BGI) in this project is defined as the organo-mineral surface of soil particles colonized by microorganisms. In the preceding project it was demonstrated that the different soil particle size fractions were associated with specifically structured microbial communities, a characteristic amount of soil organic carbon, and a specific capacity for adsorption of the organic chemicals phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively. While the diversity of the microbial community was responsive to fertilization-determined additional organic soil carbon in the larger particle size fractions, it was unaffected in clay. Stable isotope probing with 13C-labelled phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol revealed that the soil organic carbon in the BGIs also affected the diversity of microorganisms involved in the degradation of these chemicals. All these results are yet only based on studying one soil with three organic carbon variants (Bad Lauchstädt) and only two organic compounds. The objective of this 2nd phase project is to apply the innovative technology developed in the 1st phase for studying the BGI processes with soil organic carbon variants from another soil (Ultuna, SPP 1315 site) and with the chiralic anilide Fungicide metalaxyl as an additional compound. This 2nd phase SPP 1315 project will also, in a collaborative effort with two other SPP 1315 partners, investigate (1) the importance of BGIs for the entantio-selective degradation of metalaxyl and (2) the role of soil microorganisms in the formation of bound residues, respectively. Furthermore, the project will utilize stable isotope probing and next-generation DNA sequencing to link the structural and functional diversity of the microbial communities responsible for metabolism of organic chemicals in the different BGIs determined by particle size fractions and soil organic carbon variants.
The formation of biogeochemical interfaces in soils is controlled, among other factors, by the type of particle surfaces present and the assemblage of organic matter and mineral particles. Therefore, the formation and maturation of interfaces is studied with artificial soils which are produced in long-term biogeochemical laboratory incubation experiments (3, 6, 12, 18 months. Clay minerals, iron oxides and charcoal are used as major model components controlling the formation of interfaces because they exhibit high surface area and microporosity. Soil interface characteristics have been analyzed by several groups involved in the priority program for formation of organo-mineral interfaces, sorptive and thermal interface properties, microbial community structure and function. Already after 6 months of incubation, the artificial soils exhibited different properties in relation to their composition. A unique dataset evolves on the development and the dynamics of interfaces in soil in the different projects contributing to this experiment. An integrated analysis based on a conceptual model and multivariate statistics will help to understand overall processes leading to the biogeochemical properties of interfaces in soil, that are the basis for their functions in ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to establish an integrative project for the evaluation of data obtained and for publication of synergistic work, which will bring the results to a higher level of understanding.
Periods of extreme geomagnetic change such as geomagnetic excursions have frequently occurred throughout geological time. Characterizing their behaviour is essential for a full understanding of the geodynamo and the interaction of Earths magnetic field and the space environment. We propose to model the global behaviour of Earths magnetic field between 10 and 50 ka using palaeomagnetic data. During this time the geomagnetic field showed significant variability in direction and intensity, including two well documented excursions: Laschamp and Mono Lake. No model currently exists that spans the total length of this time period, yet this period could provide great insights into the geodynamo. The ultimate goal of the project is to synthesize the results from our empirical modelling with those from numerical dynamo simulations, so that a deeper physical understanding of geodynamo processes can be gained. We will compile all sedimentary and volcanic palaeomagnetic data coupled with geochronological data spanning this period. This data will be added to a community available database along with all rock magnetic and sedimentological metadata. This will allow a detailed assessment of the data used in the modelling. Low quality palaeomagnetic data and erroneous age models may distort geomagnetic field structures generated by our new model and it is a key objective of this study to assess the fidelity of the palaeomagnetic and chronological data included in the modeling. Using this data we will construct a temporally continuous global spherical harmonic geomagnetic field model through a regularized least squares inversion of the data using spherical harmonics in space and cubic B splines in time. This model will enable assessment of the geomagnetic at the core-mantle boundary, the Earths surface and at elevated altitudes. Our key scientific objective is to determine where excursions fit into the spectrum of geomagnetic field variations and how the geodynamo processes that generate excursions differ from those that produce secular variation and reversals.
The AZV (Altitudinal Zonation of Vegetation) Project was initiated in the year 2002. On the basis of a detailed regional study in continental West Greenland the knowledge about altitudinal vegetation zonation in the Arctic is aimed to be enhanced. The main objectives of the project are: a) considering the regional study: characterize mountain vegetation with regard to flora, vegetation types, vegetation pattern and habitat conditions, investigate the differentiation of these vegetation characteristics along the altitudinal gradient, develop concepts about altitudinal indicator values of species and plant communities, extract suitable characteristics for the distinction and delimitation of vegetation belts, assess altitudinal borderlines of vegetation belts in the study area. b) considering generalizations: test the validity of the altitudinal zonation hypothesis of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map ( CAVM Team 2003), find important determinants of altitudinal vegetation zonation in the Arctic, develop a first small scale vegetation map of entire continental West Greenland. Field work consists of vegetational surveys according to the Braun-Blanquet approach, transect studies, soil analyses, long-time-measurements of temperature on the soil surface and vegetation mapping in three different altitudinal vegetation belts (up to 1070 m a.s.l.).
Öffentliche Datenbereitstellung über ein CADENZA Themenportal zum Thema: Erfassung, Überwachung und Bewertung der makrozoobenthischen Lebensgemeinschaften in den Küstengewässer von Schleswig-Holstein im ZeBIS Portal des Landes. | Weitere Informationen: https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Fachinhalte/M/meeresschutz/biologischesMonitoring.html Die Daten werden hier zentral angeboten und sind über den Themenbaum im und über passende Filterformulare direkt von aus dem Data Warehouse des Landes SH in harmonisierter und aggregierter Form abrufbar. Für den Nutzer sind bereits vorgefertigte Auswertungen unter "Ansichten" verfügbar. Das Angebot zum Thema Makrozoobenthos umfasst derzeit die folgenden Zusammenstellungen: MZB: ein Jahr: Abundanz und Biomasse (Jahresmittel) MZB: Zeitreihe Abundanz und Biomasse (Jahresmittel) MZB: eine Messstelle: Abundanz und Biomasse (Jahresmittel) MZB: Küstenmessstellen
Fachdaten im Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume (LLUR) zum Thema: Erfassung, Überwachung und Bewertung der makrozoobenthischen Lebensgemeinschaften in den Küstengewässer von Schleswig-Holstein. | Weitere Informationen: https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Fachinhalte/M/meeresschutz/biologischesMonitoring.html
Zentral vorgehaltener Datenbestand im Data Warehouse (DWH) der Umweltverwaltung in Schleswig-Holstein zum Thema: Erfassung, Überwachung und Bewertung der makrozoobenthischen Lebensgemeinschaften in den Küstengewässer von Schleswig-Holstein. | Weitere Informationen: https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Fachinhalte/M/meeresschutz/biologischesMonitoring.html Folgende Informationen werden vorgehalten: Stationsinformationen, Probennahme, Probe, Taxa, Messwert, Jahresmittel Phylum
Traditional Indonesian homegardens harbour often high crop diversity, which appears to be an important basis for a sustainable food-first strategy. Crop pollination by insects is a key ecosystem service but threatened by agricultural intensification and land conversion. Gaps in knowledge of actual benefits from pollination services limit effective management planning. Using an integrative and agronomic framework for the assessment of functional pollination services, we will conduct ecological experiments and surveys in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We propose to study pollination services and net revenues of the locally important crop species cucumber, carrot, and eggplant in traditional homegardens in a forest distance gradient, which is hypothesized to affect bee community structure and diversity. We will assess pollination services and interactions with environmental variables limiting fruit maturation, based on pollination experiments in a split-plot design of the following factors: drought, nutrient deficiency, weed pressure, and herbivory. The overall goal of this project is the development of 'biodiversity-friendly' land-use management, balancing human and ecological needs for local smallholders.
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