API src

Found 290 results.

Messungen von vulkanischen Schwefel- und Kohlenstoffemissionen mit hoher Zeitauflösung

Dies ist ein Antrag auf Reisekosten für eine Reise von Deutschland nach Argentinien zum Besuch der Vulkane Copahue and Peteroa, dort planen wir zusammen mit Forschern aus Argentinien in-situ Messungen von vulkanischem SO2 mit einem neuartigen Instrument. In Kombination mit in-situ CO2 Messungen erwarten wir einen Datensatz von CO2/SO2 Verhältnissen mit bisher unerreichter Genauigkeit und Zeitauflösung.Obwohl Fernerkundungsmessungen von SO2 sich mittlerweile in der Vulkanologie weit verbreitet haben, stellen bodengebundene und Flugzeug-getragene in-situ-Messungen immer noch eine wichtige Quelle ergänzender Information dar. Heutzutage werden in-situ Messungen von SO2 häufig mittels elektrochemischer Sensoren vorgenommen, diese weisen allerdings eine Reihe von Nachteilen auf, insbesondere (1) relativ lange Ansprechzeiten (ca. 20 s und mehr), (2) Interferenzen durch eine Reihe anderer reaktiver Gase, die sich in Vulkanfahnen finden (und die schwer zu quantifizieren bzw. unbekannt sind), (3) Die Notwendigkeit häufiger Kalibration. Wir lösen diese Probleme mit einem neuentwickelten, optischen in-situ SO2-Sensor Prototypen, der nach dem Prinzip der nicht-dispersiven UV-Absorption arbeitet (PITSA, Portable in-situ Sulfurdioxide Analyser). Die preisgünstige Anwendung des Prinzips für SO2 - Messungen wurde durch die Entwicklung von UV-LEDs ermöglicht. Die Probenluft wird durch eine Glasröhre gesaugt und dort der kollimierten Strahlung einer UV-LED (ca. 290nm) ausgesetzt, in diesem Wellenlängenbereich absorbiert (von den relevanten Vulkangasen) praktisch nur SO2. Daher ist die Abschwächung der Strahlungsintensität nach Durchgang durch die Messzelle ein Mass für den SO2-Gehalt der Messluft. Das PITSA Instrument wird mit einem kommerziellen CO2 Sensor kombiniert, damit werden SO2 und CO2 Messungen mit 0.1 ppm bzw. 1 ppm Genauigkeit möglich. Dadurch eröffnen sich neue Möglichkeiten in der Vulkanologie.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane) Mission

Confronting Climate Change is one of the paramount societal challenges of our time. The main cause for global warming is the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Together, carbon dioxide and methane, being the two most important greenhouse gases, globally contribute to about 81% of the anthropogenic radiative forcing. However, there are still significant deficits in the knowledge about the budgets of these two major greenhouse gases such that the ability to accurately predict our future climate remains substantially compromised. Different feedback mechanisms which are insufficiently understood have significant impact on the quality of climate projections. In order to accurately predict future climate of our planet and support observing emission targets in the framework of international agreements, the investigation of sources and sinks of the greenhouse gases and their feedback mechanisms is indispensable. In the past years, inverse modelling has emerged as a key method for obtaining quantitative information on the sources and sinks of the greenhouse gases. However, this technique requires the availability of sufficient amounts of precise and independent data on various spatial scales. Therefore, observing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases is of significant importance for this purpose. In contrast to point measurements, airborne instruments are able to provide regional-scale data of greenhouse gases which are urgently required, though currently lacking. Providing such data from remote sensing instruments supported by the best currently available in-situ sensors, and additionally comparing the results of the greenhouse gas columns retrieved from aircraft to the network of ground-based stations is the mission goal of the HALO CoMet campaign. The overarching objective of HALO CoMet is to improve our understanding and to better quantify the carbon dioxide and methane cycles. Through analysing the CoMet data, scientists will accumulate new knowledge on the global distribution and temporal variation of the greenhouse gases. These findings will help to better understand the global carbon cycle and its influence on climate. These new findings will be utilized for predicting future climate change and assessing its impact. Within the frame of CoMet and due to the operational possibilities we will concentrate on small to sub-continental scales. This does not only allow to identify local emission sources of greenhouse gases, but also opens up the opportunity to use important remote sensing and in-situ data information for the inverse modelling approach for regional budgeting. The project also aims at developing new methodologies for greenhouse gas measurements, and promotes technological developments necessary for future Earth-observing satellites.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1294: Bereich Infrastruktur - Atmospheric and Earth system research with the 'High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft' (HALO), Messungen mit mini-DOAS Instrument während der HALO Phase II Missionen WISE, CAFE, EmerGe, and CoMet und Auswertung, Interpretation und Publikation der während früheren HALO Missionen gewonnenen Meßdaten

Mit dem vorliegenden Antrag sollen 2 Hauptziele verfolgt werden. Einerseits wird die Teilnahme des mini-DOAS Instruments an den, für die Mitte 2016 bis Mitte 2019 geplanten HALO Missionen WISE, CAFE, EmerGe, and CoMet beantragt, und andererseits sollen die mit dem Instrument bei früheren Missionen (TACTS/ESMVal, NarVal, Cirrus, Acridicon und OMO) gemessenen Daten und jener aus in Zukunft stattfindenden HALO Missionen bzgl. dreier wissenschaftlicher Hauptziele im Detail ausgewertet, interpretiert und publiziert werden. Die 3 wissenschaftlichen Hauptziele sind: 1. die Untersuchung der Quellen und Senken und die Photochemie der NOx und NOy Verbindungen in der Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre (UTLS) für unterschiedliche photochemische Regime (u.a. Reinluft und durch diverse NOx Quellen verschmutzte Luft), wobei hier das mini-DOAS Instrument mit den Messungen von NO2, (und evt. HONO) zusammen mit den Messungen anderer Instrumenten (z.B. AENEAS, AIMS, ..) zum Gesamtbudget von NOy beiträgt, 2. die Bedeutung der volatiler organischer Verbindungen für die atmosphärische Oxidationskapazität in reiner und verschmutzter Luft durch Messungen von CH2O (und C2H2O2) mit dem mini-DOAS Instrument, die die Schließung des Oxidationsmechanismus VOC größer als oder gleich CH2O größer als oder gleich CO erlauben. 3. Messungen zum Budget und zur Photochemie von Brom in der UTLS, wobei hier das Instrument besonders mit seinen Messungen von BrO zum anorganischen Brombudget beiträgt, das zusammen mit den Messungen der organischen Bromverbindungen (der Universität Frankfurt) das Gesamtbudget an Brom schließt. Alle diese Untersuchungen sollen auch zur Überprüfung der Vorhersagen globaler Chemietransportmodelle (CTMs) (EMAC, CLAMS, TOMCAT/SLIMCAT, ...) dienen.

Untersuchung der Ausbreitung von Abgasfahnen und Bestimmung ihrer Immissionsbeitraege mit der SF6-Tracermethode

Immissionskonzentrationen setzen sich stets aus den Anteilen vieler Verursacher zusammen. Industrieanlagen und Kraftwerke, Verkehr, Hausbrand und Fernverfrachtung verursachen Schadstoffkonzentrationen in der Luft, deren Messung keinen Rueckschluss auf ihre Herkunft zulaesst. Um eine solche Situation zu beurteilen und gezielte Massnahmen zur Verminderung von Luftverunreinigungen zu ermoeglichen, ist die Kenntnis der Emissions - Immissionsbeziehung fuer einzelne Emittenten notwendig. Informationen darueber koennen mit der SF6-Tracermethode erhalten werden. SF6 ist ein chemisch inertes, ungiftiges Gas, das noch in Konzentrationen bis zu 10-12 cm3/SF6/cm3 Luft mittels Gaschromatographie gemessen werden kann. Das Prinzip der Tracermethode ist es, den Abgasen waehrend der Versuchsdauer gleichmaessig eine geringe Menge dieses Gases, das in der Natur und in anderen Abgasfahnen nicht vorkommt, beizumischen. Die markierte Abgasfahne kann durch Messung des zugegebenen Gases selektiv und ohne Beeinflussung durch andere Abgasfahnen nachgewiesen werden. Die Messungen erfolgen in Windrichtung an einem Netz von Messpunktken, wo die jeweilige Konzentration des Markierungsgases ermittelt wird. Waehrend der Messung werden kontinuierliche Wetterdaten registriert, da die Ausbreitung einer Abgasfahne von den meteorologischen Bedingungen abhaengt. Die Tracermethode wird einerseits angewendet, um die Ausbreitung von Abgasfahnen bei verschiedenen Wetterlagen zu untersuchen und damit die Gueltigkeit von Ausbreitungsmodellen zu ueberpruefen. Andererseits kann mit dieser Methode der Anteil einzelner Emittenten an einer Schadstoffkonzentration im Einzugsbereich mehrerer Anlagen...

Surface water parameters (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) (Table 4)

Surface water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Most surface water variables (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) were measured in-situ using a multiparameter digital water quality meter or taken to the laboratory as water samples for further analysis. While surface water analysis was only conducted in the drainage ditch before rewetting, it was done along the entire transect after rewetting.

Pore water and soil variables (pH, specific conductivity, nutrients, metals, sulfate and chloride concentrations, CNS) (Table 3)

Pore water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Pore water/soil variables (pH, specific conductivity, nutrients, metals, sulfate and chloride concentrations, CNS) were either measured in-situ or taken to the laboratory as soil samples. Pore water/soil analysis was mostly conducted before rewetting and only repeated occasionally after rewetting where possible.

Brackish water rewetting of a temperate coastal peatland in NE Germany: Effects on Biogeochemistry, Microorganisms and Greenhouse gas emissions

The rewetting of drained peatlands is a promising measure to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by preventing the further mineralization of the peat soil through aeration. While freshwater rewetted peatlands can be significant methane (CH4) sources in the short-term, in coastal ecosystems the input of sulfate-rich seawater could potentially mitigate these emissions. The purpose of the data collection was to examine whether the presence of sulfate, known as an alternative electron acceptor, can cause lower CH4 production and thus, emissions by favoring the growth of sulfate-reducers, which outcompete methanogens for substrate. We therefore investigated underlying variables such as the methane-cycling microbial community along with CH4 fluxes and set them in context with CO2 fluxes along a transect in a coastal peatland before and directly after rewetting. In this way, a conclusion about the short-term greenhouse gas mitigation potential of brackish water rewetting of coastal peatlands could be drawn. This data collection consists of six data sets, with direct comparisons before and after rewetting of CO2 and CH4 fluxes (Tab. 2) and associated microbial communities (Tab. 1) being the main data. Pore water geochemistry (Tab. 1 and 3) and surface water parameters (Tab. 4) were collected simultaneously to provide potential explanatory variables. The sampling of continuous water level (Tab. 5) within wells and atmospheric weather data (air and soil temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density; Tab. 6) from a weather station was done in addition. Measurements started in June/July/August 2019 after field installation was finalized and were conducted on the drained coastal fen "Polder Drammendorf" on the island of Rügen in North-East Germany. On 26th November 2019, the dike was opened and channeled in order to rewet the peatland with brackish water. Before, the dike separated the peatland from the adjacent bay "Kubitzer Bodden", which is part of a brackish lagoon system connected to the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the peatland was nearly completely flooded and now resembles a shallow lagoon with high fluctuating water levels. We measured along a humidity (pre-rewetting)/water level (post-rewetting) gradient (stations 0-8) towards and across the main North-South oriented drainage ditch, including four stations on the Eastern side of the ditch (1–4), two ditch stations (0, 5) and two stations (6, 7) on the Western side of the ditch. Station 8 was chosen as an additional station farther towards the adjacent bay on the Western side, but was only accessible before rewetting. CH4 and CO2 fluxes (stations 0-7) were calculated from online gas concentrations measurements using laser-based analyzers and manual closed chambers (Livingston, G. P., & Hutchinson, G. (1995). Enclosure-based measurement of trace gas exchange: Applications and sources of error. In P.A. Matson, & R.C. Harriss (Eds.). Biogenic trace gases: Measuring emissions from soil and water (pp. 14–51). Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK). Soil cores for microbial, dissolved gas concentrations and isotopic analysis were taken using a Russian type peat corer (De Vleeschouwer, F., Chambers, F. M., & Swindles, G. T. (2010). Coring and sub-sampling of peatlands for palaeoenvironmental research. Mires and Peat, 7, 1–10) before and after rewetting. Each time, we took duplicates at stations 1-8 for this rather labor-intensive process and divided the core into four depth sections: surface, 5–20, 20–40 and 40–50 cm. Subsamples for dissolved gases and stable carbon isotope analyses were taken with tip-cut syringes with a distinct volume of 3 ml (Omnifix, Braun, Bad Arolsen, Germany) and immediately placed into NaCl-saturated vials (20 ml, Agilent Technologies, 5182-0837, Santa Clara, USA) leaving no headspace and closed gas-tight using rubber stoppers and metal crimpers (both: diameter 20 mm, Glasgerätebau Ochs, Bovenden, Germany). Absolute abundances of specific functional target genes, including methane- and sulfate-cycling microorganisms, were measured with quantitative PCR (qPCR) after DNA was extracted (GeneMATRIX Soil DNA Purification Kit, Roboklon, Berlin, Germany) and quantified (Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, ThermoFisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Surface and pore water parameters were measured in parallel to the gas measurements and soil coring for microbial analyses. Most surface water variables (pH, specific conductivity, salinity, nutrients, oxygen, sulfate and chloride concentrations, DOC/DIC) were measured in-situ using a multiparameter digital water quality meter or taken to the laboratory as water samples for further analysis. Likewise, pore water/soil variables (pH, specific conductivity, nutrients, metals, sulfate and chloride concentrations, CNS) were either measured in-situ or taken to the laboratory as soil samples. While surface water analysis was only conducted in the drainage ditch before rewetting, it was done along the entire transect after rewetting. In contrast, pore water/soil analysis was mostly conducted before rewetting and only repeated occasionally after rewetting where possible.

Messungen in der Außenluft (Staub, Gas)

Diskontinuierliche Messungen von gas- und staubförmigen Bestandteilen in der Außenluft. Depositionsmessungen, Untersuchung von Hausstaubproben, jährlich wechselnde Messprogramme in unterschiedlichen Gebieten von Hamburg.

Water chemistry of Lagrangian samplings of Inland Elbe 2024 (MOSES Hydrological Extremes)

Within the framework of MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) and ElbeXtreme, we performed three longitudinal sampling campaigns in the Elbe catchment in 2024. The campaigns covered the German freshwater part, the tidal Elbe river, and the German Bight. Here we present the results of the freshwater river where the sampling was conducted in a Langrangian way according to flow velocity. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were measured along the Elbe from bridges between Bad Schandau (km 12, Czech-German border) and Lauenburg (km 570, close to Hamburg). A particular scientific focus was on (1) nutrients and eutrophication, (2) composition of dissolved organic matter measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry, (3) greenhouse gas measurements, and (4) micropollutants. This was done during a winter flood event in January, a summer drought in July, and a second smaller flood in September 2024.

Messungen von gas- und staubfoermigen Luftverunreinigungen des Kfz-Verkehrs

Ziel: Ermittlung der Schadstoffe des Verkehrs (z.B. Kohlenmonoxid/Stickoxide/Kohlenwasserstoffe/Blei/Benzo(a)pyren).

1 2 3 4 5 … 27 28 29