Kompensationsflächenkataster Die unteren Naturschutzbehörden sind dazu verpflichtet, ein Ausgleichs- und Ersatzflächenkataster zu führen. Die Aufstellung des Katasters ermöglicht es, unter anderem einen graphischen Überblick über vorhandene Ausgleichs- und Ersatzflächen (Kompensationsflächen) zu erlangen. So können z.B. Doppelbelegungen ausgeschlossen werden, da die Fläche nun nicht mehr für andere Ausgleichs- und Ersatzflächenmaßnahmen herangezogen werden kann. Außerdem spielt die Erfassung solcher Flächen bei Planungen eine wichtige Rolle: Es werden Standortentscheidungen für Eingriffe, aber auch für Ausgleich beeinflusst. Gem. § 34 Abs. 1 Landesnaturschutzgesetz NRW (LNatSchG NRW) werden jedoch nur Flächen aufgenommen, die größer als 500 m² sind. Im Rahmen des Ausgleichs- und Ersatzflächenkataster sind auch die nach § 34 Absatz 5 des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes durchgeführten Maßnahmen zur Sicherung des Zusammenhangs des Netzes Natura 2000 (Kohärenzsicherungsmaßnahmen), die nach § 44 Absatz 5 des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes durchgeführten vorgezogenen Ausgleichsmaßnahmen (CEF-Maßnahmen) sowie die nach § 53 durchgeführten Schadensbegrenzungsmaßnahmen gesondert auszuweisen. CEF-Maßnahme - CEF-Maßnahmen (continuous ecological functionality-measures), auch vorgezogene Ausgleichsmaßnahmen genannt, sind Maßnahmen des Artenschutzes, die vor geplanten oder notwendigen Eingriffen stattfinden müssen. Sie sollen eine ökologisch-funktionale Kontinuität betroffener Tierarten oder Populationen sichern. Ersatzaufforstung – Ersatzaufforstungen sind Kompensationsmaßnahmen, bei denen Wald, der an anderer Stelle verloren gegangen ist, wiederhergestellt wird. Ein Waldersatz nach dem Landesforstgesetz stellt auch eine ökologische Aufwertung dar. Kohärenzsicherungsmaßnahme - Als Kohärenzsicherungsmaßnahmen werden Maßnahmen bezeichnet, die der Erhaltung des Zusammenhangs des Europäischen Schutzgebietsnetzwerkes Natura 2000 (EU-Vogelschutzgebiete und FFH-Gebiete) dienen. Maßnahmen zur Kohärenzsicherung zielen darauf ab, für die betroffenen Lebensraumtypen und Arten an anderer Stelle eine Verbesserung ihres Erhaltungszustands zu erreichen. Kompensationsfläche - Für Eingriffe in Natur und Landschaft werden Ausgleichs- oder Ersatzmaßnahmen vorgeschrieben, die geeignet sind, die jeweiligen Eingriffe in den Naturhaushalt wiedergutzumachen. Die gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Handhabung der Eingriffsregelung sind den §§ 13 – 18 Bundesnaturschutzgesetz sowie den §§ 30-34 des Landesnaturschutzgesetzes Nordrhein-Westfalen zu entnehmen. Für die Anforderungen der Eingriffsregelung im Rahmen der kommunalen Bauleitplanung gelten die Vorschriften des Baugesetzbuches. Ausgleichsmaßnahmen werden direkt am Ort des Eingriffs durchgeführt, bei Ersatzmaßnahmen werden die beeinträchtigten Funktionen des Naturhaushalts an anderer Stelle in dem betroffenen Naturraum in gleichwertiger Weise wiederhergestellt und das Landschaftsbild landschaftsgerecht neugestaltet. Ökokontofläche – In Ökokonten sind Kompensationsflächen zusammengefasst, auf denen bereits im Vorfeld von Eingriffen Maßnahmen zur ökologischen Kompensation durchgeführt und bewertet werden. Bei Bedarf können diese Flächen einem Eingriff zugeordnet und durch die Eingriffsverursachenden gegenfinanziert werden. Diese Flächen stehen nur intern zur Verfügung. Schadenbegrenzungsmaßnahme – Schadenbegrenzungsmaßnahmen nach § 53 LNatSchG sind Maßnahmen des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege, die gewährleisten, dass erhebliche Auswirkungen auf ein Natura 2000-Gebiet ausbleiben. Sie werden im Rahmen einer FFH-Verträglichkeitsprüfung festgelegt. Diese Flächen stehen nur intern zur Verfügung.
Jagdbezirksfachdaten enthalten die personenbezogenen Daten der Mitglieder einer Jagdgenossenschaft und deren Erreichbarkeiten. Sie unterliegen dem Datenschutz und stehen nur berechtigten Personen der Verwaltung und der Polizei zur Verfügung. Sie sind durch ein Passwort für Unbefugte abgesichert. Der Datensatz wird in unregelmäßigem Rhythmus bei tatsächlichen Änderungen der Bezirke und/oder der Jagdgenossenschaftsmitglieder fortgeführt.
Die Hochwassergefahrenkarten zeigen die durch ein Fluss-Hochwasser überschwemmungsgefährdeten Bereiche bei unterschiedlichen Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten: Diese sind in drei Kategorien eingeteilt: hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit (HQ10-50), mittlere Wahrscheinlichkeit (HQ100) und niedrige Wahrscheinlichkeit (HQ500). Die hochwassergefährdete Bereiche werden unterschieden nach deichgeschützten Gebieten und Bereichen ohne technischen Hochwasserschutz. Die Karten basieren auf Berechnungen des 2. Zyklus und entsprechen den Vorgaben der EU-Hochwasserrahmenrichtlinie.
GOSG02S is a static gravity field model complete to spherical harmonic degree and order of 300 derived by using the Satellite Gravity Gradiometry (SGG) data and the Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) observations along the GOCE orbit based on least-squares analysis. Input data: -- GOCE SGG data: EGG_NOM_2 (GGT: Vxx, Vyy, Vzz and Vxz) in GRF (9/10/2009-20/10/2013) -- GOCE SST data: SST_PKI_2, SST_PCV_2, SST_PRD_2 (9/10/2009-20/10/2013) -- Attitude: EGG_NOM_2 (IAQ), SST_PRM_2 (PRM) -- Non-conservative force: Common mode ACC (GG_CCD_1i) -- Background model: tidal model (solid etc.), third-body acceleration, relativistic corrections, ... -- GOSG02S is a GOCE only satellite gravity model, since no priori gravity information was used in modelling procedure. Data progress strategies: -- Data preprocessing - Gross outlier elimination and interpolation (only for the data gaps less than 40s). - Splitting data into subsections for gaps > 40s -- The normal equation from SST data - Point-wise acceleration approach (PAA) - Extended Differentiation Filter (low-pass) - Max degree: up to 130 - Data: PKI, PCV, CCD -- The normal equation from SGG data - Direct LS method - Max degree: up to 300 - Data: GGT, PRD, IAQ, PRM - Band-pass filter: used to deal with colored-noise of GGT observations (pass band 0.005-0.100Hz ) - Forming the normal equations according to subsections - Spherical harmonic base function transformation instead of transforming GGT from GRF to LNRF -- Combination of SGG and SST - Max degree: up to 300 - The VCE technique is used to estimate the relative weights for Vxx, Vyy, Vzz and Vxz - Tikhonov Regularization Technique (TRT) is only applied to near (zonal) terms (m<20, n<=200) and high degree terms (n>200) - Strictly inverse the normal matrix based on OpenMP
WHU-SWPU-GOGR2022S is a static gravity field model complete to spherical harmonic degree and order of 300 by combining GOCE and GRACE normal equations. Details of the processing procedures are as follows: (1) Details of the GOCE processing procedures: (1a) Input data: -- GOCE SGG data: EGG_NOM_2 (GGT: Vxx, Vyy, Vzz and Vxz) in GRF (9/10/2009-20/10/2013) -- GOCE SST data: SST_PKI_2, SST_PCV_2, SST_PRD_2 (9/10/2009-20/10/2013) -- Attitude: EGG_NOM_2 (IAQ), SST_PRM_2 (PRM) -- Non-conservative force: Common mode ACC (GG_CCD_1i) -- Background model: tidal model (solid etc.), third-body acceleration, relativistic corrections, ... (1b) Data progress strategies: -- Data preprocessing - Gross outlier elimination and interpolation (only for the data gaps less than 40s). - Splitting data into subsections for gaps > 40s -- The normal equation from SST data - Point-wise acceleration approach (PAA) - Extended Differentiation Filter (low-pass) - Max degree: up to 130 - Data: PKI, PCV, CCD -- The normal equation from SGG data - Direct LS method - Max degree: up to 300 - Data: GGT, PRD, IAQ, PRM - Band-pass filter: used to deal with colored-noise of GGT observations (pass band 0.005-0.100Hz ) - Forming the normal equations according to subsections - Spherical harmonic base function transformation instead of transforming GGT from GRF to LNRF -- Combination of SGG and SST - Max degree: up to 300 - The VCE technique is used to estimate the relative weights for Vxx, Vyy, Vzz and Vxz - Tikhonov Regularization Technique (TRT) is only applied to near (zonal) terms (m<20, n<=200) and high degree terms (n>200) - Strictly inverse the normal matrix based on OpenMP (2) Details of the GRACE processing procedures: (2a) Input data: -- GRACE L1B (JPL) data products: GNV1B RL02, ACC1B RL02, SCA1B RL03 and KBR1B RL03 -- AOD1B RL06 (GFZ) de-aliasing product -- Data period: 04/2002-05/2017 (2b) Data preprocessing: -- Splitting data of SCA1B into subsections for gaps > 120s and interpolation with polynomial for gaps <= 120s -- Splitting data of ACC1B into subsections for gaps > 5s and interpolation with polynomial for gaps <= 5s -- Gross outlier elimination ACC1B with a moving window of length 10 min, and interpolation with polynomial -- Pre-calibration of ACC1B with a-priori bias and scale Parameters provided by GRACE TN-02 (2c) Calculation method: - dynamic approach - numerical integrator: 8th-order Gauss-Jackson integrator - integrator step: 5 seconds - arc length: 24 hours (2d) Combination - GNV1B and KBR1B are combined with their a-priori precision, i.e. 2cm of GNV1B and 2um/s of KBR1B - The normal equations of different months are combined with variance components estimation (2e) Force models: - Earth's static gravity field: GGM05s up to d/o 180 - Solid earth tides: IERS 2010 - Ocean tides: FES2014b up to d/o 180 - Solid Earth pole tide: IERS 2010 - Ocean pole tide: Desai 2002 up to d/o 180 - N-body Perturbation: the Sun and Moon with JPL DE421 - atmospheric tides: Bode and Biancale model - AOD1B product: AOD1B RL06 model up to d/o 180 - General Relativistic effects: Schwarzschild terms of IERS 2010
SGG-UGM-1 is a static gravity field model based on EGM2008 derived gravity anomalies and GOCE Satellite Gravity Gradiometry (SGG) data and the Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) observations up to degree and order 2159. Block-diagonal normal equation system up to degree and order 2159 are formed with EGM2008 gravity anomaly data using block-diagonal least squares method. Fully occupied normal equation system up to degree and order 220 are formed by GOCE SGG data and the SST observations along the GOCE orbit based on least-squares analysis. The diagonal components (Vxx, Vyy, Vzz) of the gravitational gradient tensor are used to form the system of observation equations with the band-pass ARMA filter. The point-wise acceleration observations (ax, ay, az) along the orbit are used to form the system of observation equations up to the maximum spherical harmonic degree/order 130. SGG-UGM-1 is resolved by combination of the two normal equation systems using least squares method. It is the first generation of high-resolution gravity model in ICGEM developed by School of Geodesy and Geomatics (SGG), Wuhan University (WHU). More details about the determination of the model are given in our paper “The determination of an ultra high gravity field model SGG-UGM-1 by combining EGM2008 gravity anomaly and GOCE observation data” (Liang W, Xu X, Li J, et al. Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica. 2018, 47(4): 425-434. DOI:10.11947/j. AGCS.2018.20170269) and “A GOCE only gravity model GOSG01S and the validation of GOCE related satellite gravity models ” (Xu X, Zhao Y, Reubelt T, et al. Geodesy and Geodynamics. 2017, 8(4): 260-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2017.03.013). The work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41774020, 41210006 and 41404020
XGM2019e is a combined global gravity field model represented through spheroidal harmonics up to d/o 5399, corresponding to a spatial resolution of 2’ (~4 km). As data sources it includes the satellite model GOCO06s in the longer wavelength area combined with terrestrial measurements for the shorter wavelengths. The terrestrial data itself consists over land and ocean of gravity anomalies provided by courtesy of NGA (identical to XGM2016, having a resolution of 15’) augmented with topographically derived gravity over land (EARTH2014). Over the oceans, gravity anomalies derived from satellite altimetry are used (DTU13, in consistency with the NGA dataset).The combination of the satellite data with the terrestrial observations is performed by using full normal equations up to d/o 719 (15’). Beyond d/o 719, a block-diagonal least-squares solution is calculated for the high-resolution terrestrial data (from topography and altimetry). All calculations are performed in the spheroidal harmonic domain.In the spectral band up to d/o 719 the new model shows over land a slightly improved behavior over preceding models such as XGM2016, EIGEN6c4 or EGM2008 when comparing it to independent GPS leveling data. Over land and in the spectral range above d/o 719 the accuracy of XGM2019e suffers from the sole use of topographic forward modelling; Hence, errors are increased in well-surveyed areas compared to models containing real gravity data, e.g. EIGEN6c4 or EGM2008. However, the performance of XGM2019e can be considered as globally more homogeneous and independent from existing high resolution global models. Over the oceans the model exhibits an improved performance throughout the complete spectrum (equal or better than preceding models).
"ESA’s Release 6 GOCE gravity field model by means of the direct approach based on improved filtering of the reprocessed gradients of the entire mission (GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R6)" is a static gravitational model available via ICGEM (Ince et al., 2019)Model Characteristics----------------------GOCE Input Data:- Gradients: EGG_NOM_2 (re-calibrated release 2018, Siemes et al. 2019)- Orbits: SST_PRD_2 (reduced dynamic orbits)- Attitude: EGG_IAQ_2C- Data period: 20091009T000000-20131020T235959A-priori Information used:----------------------------The a-priori gravity field for the processing of the GOCE gravity gradients was the GOCE-model 5th release from the direct approach GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R5 up to its maximum degree/order 300 (Bruinsma et al. 2014).Processing Procedures:----------------------The GOCE gravity gradients were processed without applying the external calibration corrections.The observation equations were filtered with a 0 - 125.0 mHz lowpass filter. Subsequently "SGG" normal equations to degree/order 300 have been computed separately for 46 continous time segments of approximately 1270 days totally (identified after the preprocessing of the data) and for each of the gradient components Txx, Tyy, Tzz and Txz.The Txx, Tyy, Tzz and Txz SGG normal equations were accumulated with the relative weight 1.0. But within the SGG components, all observation equations have been weighted individually according to its standard deviation estimated w.r.t. the a-priori gravity field.To overcome the numerical instability of the GOCE-SGG normal equation due to the polar gaps and to compensate for the poor sensitivity of the GOCE measurements in the low orders the following stabilizations were applied:1) The GOCE-SGG normal equation was fully combined with GRACE and SLR normal equations. Details about the latter contributions are given below.2) A spherical cap regularization in accordance to Metzler and Pail (2005) was iteratively computed to d/o 300 using the GRACE/SLR data mentioned below to degree/order 130.3) Additionally a Kaula regularization was applied to all coefficients beyond degree 180The solution was obtained by Cholesky decomposition of the accumulated normal equations.Details of the GRACE contribution:----------------------------------The GRACE part consists of 85 monthly normal equations to degree/order 200 out of the time span January 2007 till November 2014 from GFZ's GRACE Release 06 processing based on GNSS-SST and K-Band-Range-Rate data. For details of this GRACE release see Dahle et al. 2018.The following individual months are not covered by GRACE: 2001101, 201106, 201205, 201210, 201303, 201304, 201308, 201402 and 201407The harmonics of very-low degree, in particular degrees 2 and 3, cannot be estimated accurately with GRACE and GOCE data only. Therefore, normal equations from the following SLR missions were used in the combination in order to improve the gravity field solution:- LAGEOS-1/2, AJISAI, STARLETTE and STELLA from Jan. 2002 till Oct. 2018- LARES from Feb. 2012 till Oct. 2018The SLR tracking data were processed according to the GRACE Release 6 standards During the combination with GOCE, the GRACE contribution was taken only up to degree/order 130 and the SLR contribution only up to degree/oder 5As GRACE is sensitive for temporal variations in the Earth gravity field, the date 20100901 should be taken as reference epoch of this model. This date is mean of the included GRACE measurement time span by considering the mentioned missed months. This reference epoch is close to the mean of the measurement time span of the included SLR tracking data (20100701)Specific features of resulting gravity field--------------------------------------------The model is a satellite-only model based on a full combination of GOCE-SGG with GRACE and SLR tracking data, leading to both excellent orbit fits as well as GPS/leveling resultsProcessing details are presented in Pail et al. 2011.
TIM_R6e is an extended version of the satellity-only global gravity field model TIM_R6 (Brockmann et al., 2019) which includes additional terrestrial gravity field observations over GOCE's polar gap areas. The included terrestrial information consists of the PolarGap campaign data (Forsberg et al., 2017) augumented by the AntGG gravity data compilation (Scheinert et al., 2016) over the southern polar gap (>83°S) and the ArcGP data (Forsberg et al. 2007) over the northern polar gap (>83°N). The combination is performed on normal equation level, encompassing the terrestrial data as spectrally limited geographic 0.5°x0.5° grids over the polar gaps.
The static gravitational model GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R6 Is the 6th release of the GOCE gravity field model by means of the time-wise approach.GOCE Input Data:- Gradients: EGG_NOM_2 (re-calibration, released 2018, version 0202)- Orbits:-- SST_PKI (kinematic orbits); SST_PCV (variance information of kinematic orbit positions),-- SST_RNX (original RINEX orbit data)- Attitude: EGG_IAQ_2C- Non-conservative accelerations: EGG_CCD_2C- Data period: 09/10/2009 - 20/10/2013No static a-priori gravity field information applied (neither as reference model, nor for constraining the solution)Processing procedures:- Gravity from orbits (SST):- short-arc integral method applied to kinematic orbits, up to degree/order 150- orbit variance information included as part of the stochastic model, it is refined by empirical covariance functions- Gravity from gradients (SGG):- parameterization up to degree/order 300- observations used: Vxx, Vyy, Vzz and Vxz in the Gradiometer Reference Frame (GRF)- realistic stochastic modelling by applying digital decorrelation filters to the observation equations; estimated separately for individual data segments applying a robust procedure- Combined solution:- addition of normal equations (SST D/O 150, SGG D/O 300)- Constraints:* Kaula-regularization applied to coefficients of degrees/orders 201 - 300 (constrained towards zero)* observation equations for zero gravity anomaly observations in polar regions (>83°) to constrain polar gaps towards zero (degree 11 to 300)- Optimum weighting (SST, SGG, constraints) based on variance component estimationSpecific features of resulting gravity field:- Gravity field solution is independent of any other gravity field information- Constraint towards zero starting from degree/order 201 to improve signal-to-noise ratio- Related variance-covariance information represents very well the true errors of the coefficients- Solution can be used for independent comparison and combination on normal equation level with other satellite-only models (e.g. GRACE), terrestrial gravity data, and altimetry- Since in the low degrees the solution is based solely on GOCE orbits, it is not competitive with a GRACE model in this spectral region is available via this data publication and via ICGEM (Ince et al., 2019). Link to ICGEM Website: http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de- The reference epoch is 2010-01-01 (MJD 55197)Further processing details can be found in Brockmann (2014), Brockmann et al. (2014) Mayer-Gürr et al. (2005) and Pail et al. (2014).
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