BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
While urban Indonesia is almost completely electrified, two-thirds of the rural population still lack access to electricity. In many cases, the mountainous rural areas are difficult to access and sparsely populated implying high investment costs for infrastructure extension. Against this background the German International Cooperation (GIZ) supports the implementation of micro hydro plants (MHP) in rural communities to supply the population with decentralized electricity. During its first project phase between 2006 and 2009, GIZ has supported the construction of 96 MHPs on two of the five main islands of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Sumatra. These activities have been funded as part of the Dutch-German Energy Partnership Energising Development (EnDev), an output-oriented programme that aims at providing modern energy to 6.1 million people in 21 countries. In a second project phase starting in 2010 (EnDev II), more than 200 micro-hydro schemes are planned to be supported. RWI has been assigned to assess the socio-economic impacts of electrification through MHP on household level through both a cross-sectional and a difference in differences approach. For this purpose, 800 households were interviewed in a first survey wave in September and November 2010. Half of them are located in 20 EnDev II villages that only got connected to an MHP after data collection. The remainder of the sample has already been using electricity at that time from a working micro hydro scheme supported within EnDev I. The second survey wave is scheduled for autumn 2012. The cross-sectional arm of the study allowed for gauging the impacts of the connection to an MHP already after the first wave at the end of 2010. For the electrified, hence, treated EnDev I households, comparable EnDev II households have been used as controls. Having follow-up data at hand at the end of 2012, difference in differences estimators can be applied to more rigorously assess the impacts of the connection to an MHP. In this approach, the EnDev I households already connected in 2010 and still connected in 2012 will serve as a reference group for the EnDev II households who got treated between the 2010 and 2012 survey. This prevents that changes induced by external influences (e.g. general economic development) are falsely ascribed to the treatment. For the reference group of EnDev II households it was found in 2010 that an important share already used 'pre-electrification' sources like generators or very simple traditional waterwheels - so called kincirs. The impact assessment will therefore not only illustrate the change from traditional energy sources like kerosene to electricity but also deliver impact findings on using a modern electricity source in comparison to pre-electrification sources that tend to be either costly and dirty (generators), or unstable and weak (kincir).
Die Untersuchung beinhaltet die Errichtung eines Messfeldes (Oisklause) im Rotwald. Dabei werden mittels Dehnmessstreifen, Temperaturmessung, mechanischer Zugwaage, Schneehöhenmessung und Datalogger die Kräfte auf die Stabilisatoren ermittelt. Die Arbeiten beinhalten die Installation der Messgeräte, die Betreuung des Messfeldes (Sommer und Winter), die Fotodokumentation der Schneegleitbewegungen sowie die Durchführung von Schneeprofilen. Im Sommer werden die Krafteinwirkungen durch Zugversuche der Stabilisatoren überprüft.
The building sector shows enormous energy- and material flows. 40 percent of the European primary energy consumption refers to buildings and the building sector is responsible for more than 50 percent of waste materials in Europe. The European commission is aware of the importance of the building sector for sustainability and forces among other things sustainable development on a legislative level. Examples are the European Building Directive (2002/91/EG) and the Communication from the Commission to Council and the European Parliament, COM (2005) 718 'Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment. As already mentioned the building sector offers large potentials towards a sustainable development. But how to measure and assess sustainability of buildings? In order to assess all environmental impacts of buildings applicable instruments are required, considering the whole life cycle, including ecological issues and economical and social aspects. LCA (Lifecycle analysis) comprises a comprehensive accounting of all material and energy inputs of a building throughout its life cycle and consolidates the results in form of an environmental evaluation of the building. In the current project existing assessment instruments for the building sector are screened, compared, and tested regarding their suitability for daily use. Within the project integrative European wide standards for Life Cycle Assessment of buildings, as well as recommendations for stakeholders, landlords and designers will be worked out. Dissemination of LCA-applications for the building sector will be done by workshops and training sessions for above mentioned target groups. Prime Contractor: SINTEF Materials and Chemistry; Trondheim; Norwegen.
Fliessgewässer unterstehen dauernden Veränderungen. Diese können natürlich oder anthropogen bedingt sein. Der Mensch 'korrigiert seine Flüsse und Bäche schon seit Jahrhunderten. Seit der Industrialisierung wurden die Eingriffe jedoch zunehmend stärker und umfangreicher. Ganze Flusssysteme wurden begradigt, Wasserkraftwerke stauen Flüsse über hunderte Kilometer an und Schleusen machen Fliessgewässer wiederum schiffbar. Heutzutage hat sich die Denkweise umgekehrt. Weniger Eingriffe, Rückbau von flussbaulichen Einrichtungen und die Forderung nach mehr Naturnähe bestimmen mittlerweile die Gedanken der Wasserwirtschaft. Erst recht durch die Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, die im Allgemeinen eine Verbesserung der Gewässer fordert. Laut dieser Forderung müssten einige stark veränderten Fliessgewässer von den Verbauungen 'befreit werden. Die Arbeit soll versuchen aufzuzeigen, wieso es auch wünschenswert wäre alte Eingriffe in die Flüsse zu schützen, weil sie besonders und einmalig sind und sie nach eingehender Überprüfung als kulturhistorische Denkmäler auszuweisen. Deshalb soll geklärt werden wie sich solche flussbauliche Konstruktionen zu kulturhistorischen Bauwerken entwickeln konnten . Infolgedessen soll besonders Wert auf die Identifikation der Bevölkerung und der Erbauer mit den jeweiligen Objekten gelegt werden. Welche Wünsche und Erwartungen hegten die Menschen bei der Erstellung der flussbaulichen Bauwerke? Welche Konflikte traten zutage? Wie hat sich der Stellenwert der Bauwerke über die Zeit bis heute verändert? Um die heutige kulturhistorische Bedeutung von Fließgewässern zu verstehen, ist die Kenntnis über die frühere Beziehung des Menschen, besonders der Flussanwohner, zu ihren Flüssen von besonderer Relevanz. Nur so kann geklärt werden wieso man heute das Interesse besitzt verbaute Flüsse zu erhalten, obwohl Möglichkeiten bestünden sie aus ihrem 'Korsett zu befreien. Diese Fragestellungen sollen am Beispiel des Hochrheins und dem schweizerischen Linthwerk untersucht werden. Als Untersuchungsmethode dienen das Studium und die Analyse diverser schriftlicher Quellen.
This follow-up project aims to reconstruct natural (climatic) and anthropogenic-induced hydrological changes and to provide new insights on the anthropogenic pollutants emitted in European environment over the last centuries, by focusing on: (1) The largest freshwater lake of Western Europe (Lake Geneva) and especially on industrial (trace metals) and microbial (pathogenic bacterial activity and resistance to antibiotic) pollution in the Vidy Bay; where are discharges the treated wastewaters of Lausanne since 50 years. (2) A drinking reservoir (Lake Brêt) in order to evaluate the impacts of agricultural activities and sewage emissions on the pollution of drinking water in Switzerland over the last century. Results demonstrate a slight enrichment in anthropogenic heavy metal since the 1950s but an additional (agricultural) source of copper during the last decade. In the absence of industries in the catchment, the records of DDT and PCBs highlight the long-range atmospheric transport of POPs that contaminated rural water resources via catchment runoff. (3) Human impact on the deposition of anthropogenic and natural trace element fluxes were measured in sediment cores from Lake Biel and from two upstream lakes (Lake Brienz and Lake Thun), all three connected by the Aare River. Results indicate that that the construction of sediment-trapping reservoirs significantly decreased regional riverine sediment discharge. Radiometric dating of the sediment core from Lake Biel furthermore identified hydrological releases of anthropogenic radionuclides from the nuclear reactor of Mühleberg located at ca.15 km from Lake Biel. Five publications (in refereed journals) directly resulting from this follow-up proposal are in process of publication.
Globalization raised the importance of food safety and quality concerns. Developed countries implement precautionary food regulation policies to protect their affluent consumers from unsafe food imported from developing and transition countries. However, the alarming number of trade disputes at WTO evidences cases of abuse of such policies. While claims on protectionist nature of food regulations are valid in principle, yet there is little empirical evidence about their economic effects. The questions of 1) quantification of trade impact of food standards and 2) investigation of national food regulation systems are absolutely essential for the new trade agenda. These problems for developing countries are on the focus of trade policy debate, whereas for transition countries are not considered seriously. Such a research for these recently liberalized markets gains a special significance. - The proposed research will employ Gravity Model for quantitative estimation of impact of EU aflatoxin standards on transition countries- exports.- Russian food regulations for cereal value chain, their enforcement and monitoring mechanisms will be investigated through value chain and cost-benefit analysis.- Compliance of Russian norms with EU standards will be estimated applying comparative advantage analysis.The study area is Stavropol region of the Russian Federation. Local experts will contribute to the construction of the research data set and analysis. The results of the research will assist 1) international policy makers in designing new global trade agenda and 2) Russian producers, exporters and decision makers in improving cereal value chain.
Die Entwicklungsmechanismen der Industrieparks in Deutschland und China unterscheiden sich deutlich. In China dienen die Industrieparks als das herausragende Instrument nationaler Wirtschaftspolitik mit dem Ziel der Förderung des Wirtschaftswachstums, während die Entwicklung in Deutschland auf den industriellen Strukturwandel von werks- zu netzwerkbezogenen Produktionsstrategien zurückzuführen ist. Um die Industrieparks ökonomisch und ökologisch effektiv und effizient zu managen, sind innovative Managementstrukturen und -Instrumente nötig. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen treibenden Kräfte werden in China fast ausschließlich staatliche Managementmodelle eingesetzt, wohingegen in Deutschland die Industrieparks überwiegend privatwirtschaftlich betrieben werden. Somit folgen die chinesischen Modelle hauptsächlich dem Top-Down -Ansatz, während in Deutschland der Bottom-Up -Ansatz dominiert. Die verschiedenen Modelle sind durch spezifische Strategien und Instrumente gekennzeichnet, die zu unterschiedlichen Rollen des Park Managements führen und dabei stark die ausgewählten Strukturen und Prozesse für die Entwicklung des integrierten Ressourcenmanagements in Industrieparks beeinflussen. In diesem Projekt werden Industrieparks als Interorganizationsnetzwerke untersucht, in denen flexible Organisations- und Ablaufstrukturen aufgebaut und geeignete Management-instrumente implementiert werden müssen, um die verfügbaren Ressourcen und Beziehungen zwischen den Stakeholdern effektiv und effizient zu managen. Industrieparks laufen einen Lebenszyklus mit den Phasen von Planung und Bau, Rekrutierung und Betrieb durch, in welchen spezifische strategische und operative Managementaufgaben auszuführen sind. Das Ziel des Projekts ist es, den Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Modelle auf das integrierte Ressourcenmanagement in Industrieparks anhand der Fallbeispiele in Deutschland und China zu analysieren und Implikationen für Strukturen und Instrumente zum Netzwerk- und Ressourcenmanagement in Industrieparks zu entwickeln.
SHAPE-RISK aims at optimising the efficiency of integrated risk management in the context of the sustainable development of the European process industry. The proposal addresses sustainable waste management and hazard reduction in production, storage and manufacturing. The main deliverable of the SHAPE-RISK process will be recommendations to design future cleaner and safer industrial systems. These recommendations will be discussed and endorsed by the Industry. And finally an agenda of actions, approved by Industry, will be done. The goal is to support life-cycle safety and minimisation of accident, pollution and emissions, from the producer of raw materials to the end-product delivered by the industrial installation. In operational terms, SHAPE-RISK aims at structuring a network with the organisations providing technical support to the Authorities in charge of the SEVESO II, IPPC and ATEX directives. This network organised in a Co-ordination Action will interact with the other stakeholders: Industry, the Public, representatives of Communities, International Organisation and NGOs. In 3 years, the result of SHAPE-RISK will be an integrated approach of the different components of risk management and the optimisation of the resources devoted to risk control (environment protection and accident prevention). It will be achieved by enhancing synergy between European, national and regional programmes, and also by taking into account the needs of the pre-accession countries. SHAPE-RISK will result in the dissemination of knowledge and in the specification of research activities to address innovative breakthrough that will serve the construction of safer and cleaner industrial systems. SHAPE-RISK then contributes to the integration and reinforcement of the European Research Area in risk prevention.
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