Das Projekt "Mycorrhizal response and nutrient uptake of old, new and organically bred winter wheat cultivars in low input systems" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen Landbau durchgeführt. The testing of crop cultivars on organic and conventional farms is often confounded by site heterogeneity. We compared the performance of a set of old, conventionally and organically bred winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars within the DOK long term trial in CH-Therwil in 2007. In the DOK trial organic and conventional farming systems are compared since 1978 in a split-split plot design with four replicates on a haplic luvisol. Yield (dry matter yield, thousand kernel weight, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index) and quality parameters (grain protein content, Hagberg falling number, Zeleny value, wet gluten content and gluten index) of ten cultivars were assessed in four systems: unfertilized control (NOFERT), bio-dynamic (BIODYN 1 and 2) and one conventional farming system (CONMIN) with different levels of total nitrogen inputs (0, 33, 66 and 140 kg ha-1, respectively). Effects of cultivars and systems on yield and quality parameters were statistically significant, genotype x system interactions were generally not detected. Grain yield increased from 2.7 (NOFERT), 3.7 (BIODYN 1), 4.2 (BIODYN 2) up to 6.8 t ha-1 for the conventional system CONMIN with an average protein content of 10.8, 9.4, 9.0 and 11.7%, respectively. No significant differences between cultivars were detected for yield in the organic system BIODYN 2, whereas in the conventional system CONMIN, cultivars bred under conventional conditions yielded significantly more than old cultivars. However, the protein content of old cultivars was significantly higher than that of modern cultivars. The results imply that breeding for yield was successful during the last century but only under high input conditions (7.6 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the conventional system CONMIN), where the development was accompanied by rising inputs of external resources (e.g. mineral fertilizers). Under organic conditions, yield increase with the year of release of cultivars was only 1.8 kg ha-1 yr-1 (in the organic system BIODYN 2) and modern cultivars could not outperform the old cultivars, irrespective of their selection environment. A redundancy analysis showed that yield was mainly determined by systems or the input of fertilizers, while the influence of cultivars was only minor. The redundancy analysis for baking quality parameters in contrast revealed that the influence of cultivars was higher than the influence of the systems. It is suggested, that long term system comparisons can ideally serve to test crop cultivars under identical soil and climatic conditions. Root colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was higher under organic than under conventional farming conditions but there was no evidence that breeding conditions were influencing AMF-root colonization of the different cultivars. We observed a positive correlation for AMF root colonization and shoot P at tillering and flowering under organic but not under conventional conditions. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "Biomass fluidised bed gasification with in situ hot gas cleaning (AER-GAS II)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt. Objective: The project aim is a low-cost gasification process with integrated in-situ gas cleaning for the conversion of biomass into a product gas with high hydrogen concentration, high heating value and low tar/alkali/sulphur concentration in one process step for s ubsequent power production. The proposed process uses in-situ CO2 capture (AER, Absorption Enhanced Reforming). It is more efficient than conventional gasification due to (i) the in-situ integration of the reaction heat of CO2 absorption and water-gas shif t reaction heat (both exothermic) into the gasification and (ii) the internal reforming of primary and secondary tars, which cuts off the formation of higher tars. Thus, the chemical energy of tars remains in the product gas. The product gas after dust rem oval can directly be used in a gas engine for electricity generation. Due to the low operation temperature (up to 700 C) and due to CaO-containing bed materials, the proposed process allows the use of problematic feedstocks such as biomass with high minera l and high moisture content, e.g. straw, sewage sludge, etc., leading to an increased market potential for biomass gasification processes. Screening/development of absorbent materials with high attrition stability and tar cracking properties will be carrie d out. Analysis of tar formation/decomposition process will be studied in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor and a 100 kWth circulating fluidised bed reactor (continuous mode). With the acquired data, the 8 MWth biomass plant at Guessing, Austria, will be opera ted with absorbent bed material in order to prove the feasibility of a scale-up and to assess the economical aspects of the process. In order to point out the market potential, the cost reduction of the AER technology will be quantified in comparison with the conventional gasification power plant. Expected results will be: (i) a broad knowledge of the proposed process and (ii) a low-cost technology for biomass gasification with subsequent power production.
Das Projekt "Sub-project F1: Gaseous and leaching nutrient losses in irrigation farming of fertilised sandy soils in Oman - Effects of manure quality and cropping system" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kassel, Fachgruppe Boden- und Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, Institut für Nutzpflanzenkunde, Fachgebiet Ökologischer Pflanzenbau und Agrarökosystemforschung in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Organic and conventional irrigation farming on the eastern coast of the arid Arabian Peninsula leads to high gaseous and leaching losses of nutrients and carbon from cultivated soils. In order to analyse such losses, the emissions NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 were measured on an experimental field near to the town of Sohar in the Sultanate of Oman. This was done using an INNOVA photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas monitor (INNOVA 1312-5, LumaSense Technologies A/S, Ballerup, Denmark) in a closed chamber system. Cumulative leaching losses of nitrogen (TN, NO3-N, NH4-N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured by suction plates and mixed-bed ion-exchange resin cartridges (NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P). Seepage was estimated with the software Hydrus 1d using crop-specific evapotranspiration and hydraulic soil parameters. The experiment on an irrigated sandy soil with four replications comprised of two types of buffalo manure, characterised by a C/N ratio of 23 with high fibre content (high-high, HH), a C/N ratio of 15 with low fibre content (low-low, LL) and a control treatment with equivalent levels of mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). These three fertility treatments were combined with a crop rotation comprised of radish (Raphanus sativus) transplanted on all plots followed by cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus).
Das Projekt "Upwind: Development of Improved Wind Turbine Noise Prediction Tools for Low Noise Airfoil Design" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik durchgeführt. The noise regulations of various countries urge wind turbine manufacturers to reduce the aerodynamical noise emission of their turbines. To reduce the greenhouse gas emission, wind energy has been put in a very front position. EWEA estimates 12percent of worlds energy may come from wind turbines by the year 2020 (approx. 1,260,000 MW). This means wider deployment of wind turbines, at lower wind speed sites i.e. close to people & transmission lines. To reduce the transmission cost between production site and customer, onshore installations are still a cheaper solution. One of the biggest barriers for developing onshore turbines is the noise which has a negative impact on people's daily life. Thus, the goal of developing onshore wind turbines is to design silent wind turbines and silent wind farms and at the same time have a good aerodynamic efficiency. Noise emitted from an operating wind turbine can be divided into two parts, mechanical noise and flow induced noise. Mechanical noise can sufficiently be reduced by conventional engineering approaches but flow-induced noise is more complex and need more focus. The noise mechanisms associated with flow-induced noise emission have different sources. These are, inflow turbulence noise, tip noise, laminar boundary layer separation noise, blunt trailing-edge noise (BTE) and for turbulent boundary-layer trailing-edge interaction noise (TBL-TE). Acoustic field measurements within the European research project SIROCCO showed that the TBL-TE noise is the most dominant noise mechanism for modern wind turbines. Thus, accurate prediction and reduction of the TBL-TE noise is the main focus of the acoustics airfoil design methods for wind turbine rotor blade. For developing 'silent' airfoils, a routinely design fast, less expensive and accurate prediction methodology is desired. In this respect, simplified theoretical model would be the first candidate, and therefore the main goal is development of an accurate and efficient noise prediction model for the low noise wind turbine blade design.
Das Projekt "Calcium cycle for efficient and low cost CO2 capture in fluidized bed systems (C3-CAPTURE)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Energietechnik, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen durchgeführt. Objectives: The project aims on developing a dry CO2 capture system for atmospheric and pressurized fluidized bed boilers. The atmospheric option will be developed towards a pilot plant application. For the pressurized option the project seeks for a proof of principle to determine if the advantages of a pressurized capture system can balance the problems known from existing PFBC systems. The quantifiable objectives are: - Low CO2 capture costs (less than 20 Euro/t for atmospheric, less than 12 Euro/t for pressurized sy stems) - Acceptable efficiency penalty for CO2 capture (less than about equal to 6 percent nel). - greater than 90 percent carbon capture for new power plants and greater than 60 percent for retrofitted existing plants - A purge gas stream containing greater than 95 percent CO2 - A solid purge usable for cement production - Sim ultaneous sulphur and CO2 removal with sulphur recovery option Approach: Limestone is a CO2 carrier. The CO2 can be released easily in a conventional calcination process, well known in the cement and lime industry. By integrating a closed carbonation/calc ination loop in the flue gas of a conventional CFB-boiler, the CO2 in the flue gas can be removed. The heat required for calcination is released during carbonation and can be utilised efficiently (high temperature) in the steam cycle of the boiler. Concent rated CO2 can be generated when using oxygen blown calcination. Because the fuel required for supplying heat for calcination is only a fraction of the total fuel requirements, the required oxygen is only about 1/3 of the oxygen required for oxyfuel process es. The work programme: 1.Definition of the technical and economic boundary conditions 2.Selection and improvement of sorbent materials 3.Lab scale and semi-technical scale process development (experimental work) 4.Technical and economic evaluation 5.Des ign of a 1 MWth Pilot plant.
Das Projekt "Optimised Radar to Find Every buried Utility in the street (ORFEUS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Tracto-Technik GmbH & Co. KG durchgeführt. This project addresses the requirement for advanced technologies for locating, maintaining and rehabilitating buried infrastructures (area II.3.3). Specifically it fulfils the requirement for locating buried assets. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the only known non-invasive technique that can detect metallic and non-metallic buried objects, but conventional pulse time-domain technology has reached the limit of its development potential. This project will use innovative techniques to provide a clear advance in the state of the art. The project has three major objectives: - To provide a step change in the depth penetration and spatial resolution of GPR used for surveys carried out from the ground surface. This will be achieved by increasing the frequency and dynamic range of the radar by researching and developing Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave techniques and ultra wide-band antennas whose performance is independent of ground characteristics. - To prototype an innovative GPR-based real-time obstacle detection system for steerable bore- heads of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) pipe and cable laying systems so that they can operate more safely below ground. This will require new antenna designs to be developed to provide a look-ahead capability and robust systems to be designed to protect against the hostile mechanical environment. - To increase knowledge of the electrical behaviour of the ground, by means of in-situ measurements to enhance understanding of the sub-soil electrical environment, and to provide information for scientifically based antenna design. The project will lead to practical solutions that can be implemented cost-effectively to provide a capability to locate buried infrastructure with accuracy and reliability. This will reduce the need for excavations in the highway, thus minimising direct and indirect costs, reducing the incidence of pollution and enhancing safety. Prime Contractor: Osys Technology Ltd., Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Das Projekt "Improved Building Integration of PV by using Thin Film Modules in CIS Technology (BIPV-CIS)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt. Objective: The results of the project will improve and widen the potential for the integration of solar (PV) energy systems into existing buildings. Special attention will be paid architectural and aesthetic questions. Building integration of PV systems in most cases leads to a 'high tech' and 'modern' appearance of the building. This is caused by the typical window-like surface of most conventional PV modules. Regarding however that90Prozent of the building stock consists of longer existing, that means 'old fashioned' buildings, it is evident that anaesthetically satisfying building integration of PV needs a lot of good will and creativity from planners and architects. In many existing building integrated PV systems the modules contrast with the building and its surroundings. A European survey on the potential and needs for building integrated PV components and systems will identify the basis for the development of modules away from the glass / window-like appearance. In the project PV roof tiles, overhead glazing and facade elements based on CIS thin film technology will be developed and investigated which have a modified optical appearance for better adaptation to the building skin. One of the ideas is optical decoupling of substrate and cover glass. A complete roof tile system with thin film cells adapted to the visual appearance of conventional roof tiles and innovative connection and mounting will be developed. The work includes prototype fabrication and tests according to relevant standards and subsequent performance tests. Novel overhead glazing includes semitransparent thin film modules optimised for daylight transmission. The backside appearance will be modified in order to represent the visible inner part of the building skin. For overhead and insolating glazing an invisible interconnection and for PV roof tiles a low cost connector will be developed. Project results will be systems ready for industrial production.
Das Projekt "Auswirkungen der Gewinnung von Schiefergas und Schieferöl auf die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH durchgeführt. In dieser Studie werden die möglichen Auswirkungen des 'Hydraulic Fracturing' ('Hydrofracking', 'hydraulische Behandlung', 'Frac-Behandlung') auf die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit untersucht. Die quantitativen Daten und die Angaben zu den qualitativen Auswirkungen stammen aus den USA, da die Schiefergas-Gewinnung in Europa noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt. In den USA kann man hingegen auf eine über 40-jährige Erfahrung zurückblicken, dort wurden bereits über 50 000 Bohrungen durchgeführt. Zudem werden die Treibhausgasemissionen mittels einer kritischen Prüfung der vorliegenden Literatur sowie anhand eigener Berechnungen bewertet. Die europäischen Rechtsvorschriften werden im Hinblick auf das Verfahren der hydraulischen Behandlung überprüft, und es werden Empfehlungen zu weiteren Arbeiten formuliert. Die potenziellen Gasvorkommen und die künftige Verfügbarkeit von Schiefergas werden im Lichte der derzeitigen herkömmlichen Gasversorgung und ihrer voraussichtlichen Entwicklung erörtert.
Das Projekt "Sub project: Isotope Signature of calcareous Organisms from upper and Lower carbonate mound sediments 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), Forschungsbereich 1: Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik, Forschungseinheit Paläo-Ozeanographie durchgeführt. Cold-water coral mounds or carbonate mounds are known to occur widespread within the Porcupine Seabight. Sediment cores from gravity corer and especially drill cores from ICDP Expedition 307 at Challenger Mound indicate the recurring and abrupt occurring changes of carbonate mound growth. Geochemical signals in biogenic tests of planctonic and benthic foraminifers, as well as in skeletons of cold-water corals will allow us to understand the mechanisms of these changes. Stable isotope signature of benthic foraminifera (omega 18O, omega 13O) from the mound initiation shows a significant change to values characteristic for the water masses derived from the Mediterranean Sea (Mediterranean Outflow). Paleotemperatures derived from Sr/Ca from coral skeletons indicate optimum conditions of growth fort these biota. We speculate that the density envelope of sigma e = 27.35 - 27.65 kg/m3 characteristic for the ambient seawater of present day cold water coral growth played also an important role in the past. To reconstruct and to better understand these changes between 'shut on' and 'shut off' conditions in mound growth we aim to date more samples from lODP-Kem 1317C to close thc existing gap in information. Since conventional U/Th methods are limited to the upper portions of the core (about 350 ka), we shall also apply precise 234U/238U (234U excess decay) and 87Sr/86Sr (radiogenic Sr evolution in the ocean), to better constrain the growth modcl and to reconstmct the encountered hiatuses. The geochronological aspect is a central part for the last year, to reconstmct the mound shaping mechanisms in relation to paleoenvironmental, to paleoclimatotological and to palcoceanographical conditions. The geochemical work will focus on thc analysis of isotopes in foraminifera and element rations in corals to reconstruct paleotemperatures and paleosalinilies, which in combination may provide data on paleodensities of sea water.
Das Projekt "Knowledge Assessment and Sharing on Sustainable Agriculture (KASSA)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V. durchgeführt. Conventional agriculture encompasses about half of the agricultural land territory of the UE countries; its negative impacts on the environment and the basic natural resources are recognised. Growing concerns of the society related to the environment deterioration such as water and food contaminations, livestock epidemics... compel to explore new ways able to improve the sustainability of the current farming systems. Alternative agricultural practices, technologies and approaches in support of sustainable agriculture have already been researched, developed, tested and implemented during the second half of the 20th century, in Europe but mainly in North and South America and Australia; they span million hectares. Learning from the results of theses experiences and researches and sharing lessons will undoubtedly contribute to define ways and tools able to orient European policy on sustainable agriculture development. KASSA proposal intends to build up a comprehensive knowledge base on sustainable agricultural practices, approaches and systems in support of European stakeholders: farmers and professionals, researchers and policy makers at local, national, European and global level. KASSA involves a critical mass of skilled partners dispatched up into four platforms: Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia and Latin America. It will be achieved through successive work sequences starting with a comprehensive inventory of existing results then continuing with a progressive refinement of the findings that alternate critical analysis and sharing of the results of each platform. Prime Contractor: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement; Montpellier; France.
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