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BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Aufgrund der Zunahme der erfassten Abwassermengen bzw. durch die Intensivierung des Reinigungsprozesses ist es in den letzten Jahren ein starker Anstieg des Klärschlammvolumens zu verzeichnen. Die zunehmende Schwierigkeit, die auf Kläranlagen anfallenden Schlämme zu entsorgen, lässt nach neuen Abwasserreinigungsverfahren mit verringertem Klärschlammanfall bzw. neuen Verwertungsmöglichkeiten suchen. Dieses Problem stellt sich nicht nur in Europa sondern in verstärktem Ausmaß auch in den Entwicklungsländern. In China wurde in den letzten Jahren mit Unterstützung der Weltbank ein massives Investitionsprogramm zum Ausbau der Abwasserreinigung initiiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird innovativen Verfahren zur Klärschlammreduktion eine hohe Bedeutung beigemessen. Im Rahmen einer Studie wurden unterschiedliche innovative Verfahrensweisen untersucht und bewertet. Als vielversprechende Möglichkeit wurde die Intensivierung der Klärschlammfaulung durch Schlammdesintegration identifiziert. Mittels Aufschlussverfahren, wie z.B. Ozonierung, wird der biologische Abbauprozess unterstützt und dadurch ein erhöhter Anteil der organischen Inhaltsstoffe des Klärschlamms in Biogas umgewandelt. Das entstehende Biogas wird zur Strom- und Wärmerzeugung genutzt. Diese neuartige Technologie wird derzeit in einer Versuchsanlage an der Kläranlage Tulln intensiv untersucht. In einem weiteren Schritt werden parallel Pilotversuche in China (Shanghai) aufgenommen um das Verfahren weiter zu optimieren.
Mankind is approaching a crisis in energy generation and utilization. Traditional fossil fuel reserves are diminishing and legislative issues regarding CO2 emission will make use of existing lower grade reserves unattractive. New technologies have to be developed to satisfy the ever-increasing energy demand and to maximize efficient energy usage. The materials chemist, through the design of new materials with novel properties and by controlling interfacial interactions between materials, will play a crucial role in these endeavours and in enabling the paradigm shift that is required. This project is centred around two core and inter-related issues (i) energy generation from photovoltaics using sunlight and (ii) efficient lighting devices based on light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Both of these topics are areas of intense activity world-wide. Within Europe the PIs research group is one of the leaders in the field. However, as research efforts in these areas are proving successful and proof-ofprinciple systems are being established and optimized, a new factor needs to be addressed. State of the art photovoltaic devices based upon the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) most frequently utilize inorganic dyes comprising ruthenium complexes of oligopyridine ligands. The projected next generation mass market OLEDs and prototype LECs are based upon iridium complexes containing cyclometallated pyridine ligands. A traditional criticism of these approaches related to the costs of the raw materials although this is in reality low compared to the costs of other components. However, the price reflects in part the availability of these metals and in this respect devices based upon ruthenium (1 ppb by atom in Earth crust) or iridium (0.05 ppb by atom in Earth crust) are unsustainable. This project is concerned with the development of complexes based upon abundant and sustainable first row transition metals to replace second and third row transition metals in these devices. Initial efforts will centre upon complexes of copper(I) and zinc(II) which have well-established photochemistry and photophysics making them suitable for such applications. The PI has already established proof-of-principle for the replacement of ruthenium by copper in DSCs and is a world leader in this technology. The work on the two projects will involve (i) materials synthesis and characterization (ii) computational modelling (iii) device construction and testing and (iv) property optimization.
The overall aim of this project is a comparative analysis of the genetic control of heterosis in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by QTL mapping of heterosis-relevant loci in different B. napus mapping populations. In the Gießen project a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population that has been generated in preliminary work from a cross between two lines with high and low general combining ability, respectively, will be used for construction of a genome map containing a set of consensus SSR markers that also slow polymorphisms in another population segregating for heterotic effects, to be constructed by the University of Göttingen in a closely-integrated parallel project. Field trials of test hybrids from crosses between the individual DH lines of the respective populations with common male-sterile tester lines will enable the identification and dissection of QTL that correspond to the expression of heterosis. By using common markers it will be possible to align the genetic maps from the two populations, meaning that the positions, effects and interactions of the respective heterosisrelevant QTL identified in the two populations can be aligned and compared. Based on the results of the respective mapping experiments, the genetic control of heterosis in the two populations will be studied and compared. This will bring important information regarding the following to date unanswered questions: a) Are the same loci involved in the expression of heterosis in different oilseed rape populations, and if so which loci are involved and to what extend? b) What is the respective contribution of different genetic mechanism (dominance, overdominance or epistasis) to heterosis in oilseed rape, and is the genetic basis the same in different populations?
DE-LIGHT Transport is a multi-national initiative supported by the European Commission's Framework 6 programme that is investigating the design and manufacturing of lightweight sandwich structures in the marine, rail and freight container industries. Sandwich materials, consisting of two thin facings separated by a low density core, can be used to produce structures that are both light and stiff. They also offer opportunities for parts reduction through design integration, improved surface finish and lower assembly and outfitting costs. DE-LIGHT Transport aims to further promote the use of sandwich materials by developing key technologies that will support the practical realisation of robust sandwich designs. Specifically, this will include: - A multi-material sandwich design tool. Previous work has often focussed on a particular type of sandwich construction (e.g. laser-welded steel or composite). This has tended to yield niche results with limited applicability. DE-LIGHT Transport will implement a more generic design approach that will allow the evaluation and optimisation of a wide range of material and structural mixes according to the requirements of a given application. - Strategies for joining, assembly and outfitting ? the bringing together and integration of separate sandwich panels and/or sub-components to produce finished structures. In particular, modular approaches for the off-line production of sandwich assemblies to exploit economies of scale will be developed. Testing and validation procedures ? to provide accurate and reliable methods of determining fitness for purpose. The above technologies will be demonstrated within the project through the design and manufacturing of six prototype structures. These will include deck and deckhouse structures for ships, a rail vehicle cab, and a freight container. Risk-based design principals will be applied throughout to ensure that the new designs comply with existing regulatory frameworks. It is anticipated that DE-LIGHT Transport will provide designers of vehicles and vessels with practical approaches to the implementation of sandwich solutions as an alternative to traditional stiffened-plate designs. In this way, the benefits of sandwich construction will be unlocked for a wider range of applications.
In daily life, construction polymers play an important role. Most of products are not reusable for different reasons (cost, hygiene, ) so the need of an environment saving production and disposal is evident. To besides from the obvious task on saving resources and environment, there is also a growing economical interest in this issue. On of the most promising candidates for a thermoplastic construction polymer that can be manufactured from bio-renewable resources and is biodegradable is Polylactic acid (PLA), for which Corn starch (in the U.S.) or sugarcanes (rest of world) are the common feedstock. Polylactic acid can be processed like most thermoplastics into fiber (for example using conventional melt spinning processes) and film. However, the low glass transition temperature prohibits many applications, like usage for coffee cups that will simply soften and flow away upon filling with hot drinks. One popular option to cope with this is the modification with other polymers, either conventional product or even enantiomers of PLA itself. For example, the melting temperature can be increased 40-50 C and the Heat Deflection temperature of PLLA can be increased from approximately 60 C to up to 190 C for by physically blending the polymer with PDLA (poly-D-lactide). PDLA and PLLA are known to form a highly regular stereocomplex with increased crystallinity. The maximum effect in temperature stability is achieved when a 50-50 blend is used, but even at lower concentrations of 3-10Prozent of PDLA a substantial effect is achieved. In the latter case PDLA is used as a nucleating agent, thereby increasing the crystallization rate. Due to the higher crystallinity of this stereo-complex, the biodegradability will become slower. The interesting feature is that the polymer blend remains transparent, which is one to the desirable properties that must be kept upon modification.
Die Entwicklungsmechanismen der Industrieparks in Deutschland und China unterscheiden sich deutlich. In China dienen die Industrieparks als das herausragende Instrument nationaler Wirtschaftspolitik mit dem Ziel der Förderung des Wirtschaftswachstums, während die Entwicklung in Deutschland auf den industriellen Strukturwandel von werks- zu netzwerkbezogenen Produktionsstrategien zurückzuführen ist. Um die Industrieparks ökonomisch und ökologisch effektiv und effizient zu managen, sind innovative Managementstrukturen und -Instrumente nötig. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen treibenden Kräfte werden in China fast ausschließlich staatliche Managementmodelle eingesetzt, wohingegen in Deutschland die Industrieparks überwiegend privatwirtschaftlich betrieben werden. Somit folgen die chinesischen Modelle hauptsächlich dem Top-Down -Ansatz, während in Deutschland der Bottom-Up -Ansatz dominiert. Die verschiedenen Modelle sind durch spezifische Strategien und Instrumente gekennzeichnet, die zu unterschiedlichen Rollen des Park Managements führen und dabei stark die ausgewählten Strukturen und Prozesse für die Entwicklung des integrierten Ressourcenmanagements in Industrieparks beeinflussen. In diesem Projekt werden Industrieparks als Interorganizationsnetzwerke untersucht, in denen flexible Organisations- und Ablaufstrukturen aufgebaut und geeignete Management-instrumente implementiert werden müssen, um die verfügbaren Ressourcen und Beziehungen zwischen den Stakeholdern effektiv und effizient zu managen. Industrieparks laufen einen Lebenszyklus mit den Phasen von Planung und Bau, Rekrutierung und Betrieb durch, in welchen spezifische strategische und operative Managementaufgaben auszuführen sind. Das Ziel des Projekts ist es, den Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Modelle auf das integrierte Ressourcenmanagement in Industrieparks anhand der Fallbeispiele in Deutschland und China zu analysieren und Implikationen für Strukturen und Instrumente zum Netzwerk- und Ressourcenmanagement in Industrieparks zu entwickeln.
The typological approach to the prize winning pictures in photo contests in Europe an Japan. The existence of the Foucauldian archive of collective memry in landscape is examed by analyzing the result of the contests from wider socio-cultural context. The social construction of nation as volks of forests is believed to be very unique phenominon but the process could be very similar in different contexts.
Nachhaltiges Bauen und Sanieren ist ein zentrales Handlungsfeld zur Erreichung von Umweltzielen. Zugleich handelt es sich um ein Arbeitsfeld mit enormen Potenzialen und bietet wegen seiner Transdisziplinarität für Beschäftigte verschiedenster Disziplinen Entwicklungsperspektiven. Aufgrund der Komplexitivität des Themenfeldes sind Kooperationen zwischen AkteurInnen notwendig und wünschenswert, diese gestalten sich jedoch durch die derzeit besonders stark ausgeprägte Wettbewerbssituation (Konzentrazionsprozesse, Arbeitsplatzabbau etc.) im Baubereich schwierig. Darüber hinaus sind Frauen speziell im Baubereich unterrepräsentiert. Lösungsansätze für verbesserte Kooperationen im Baubereich sind nötig, damit die Potenziale, die das Segment des nachhaltigen Bauens in sich birgt, genützt werden können. Ziel des vorliegenden Projekt ist es, ein Modell zu entwickeln, um in einem transdisziplinären Prozess die Netzwerkbildung des nachhaltigen Bauens und Sanierens zu erforschen und daraus Handlungsempfehlungen für künftige Netzwerkbildungen abzuleiten. Das Projekt trägt dadurch dazu bei, vorhandene Beschäftigungs- und Umweltpotenziale im Bereich des nachhaltigen Bauens besser nutzbar zu machen. Erprobt wird das Modell anhand des Netzwerkes 'Stärkefeld Nachhaltiges Bauen, das vom Eco und Co-Ökotechnik Netzwerk Steiermark in Kooperation mit dem Projekt WINBAU initiiert wird. Der Erfolg der Netzwerkbildung kann durch das Forschungsprojekt langfristig optimiert werden. Ein wichtiges Ziel liegt in der Vermittlung des entwickelten und gesammelten Wissens über Netzwerkbildung zwischen WissenschaffterInnen und PraktikerInnen. Insbesondere werden folgende Projektziele verfolgt: Erarbeitung eines transdisziplinären Forschungsansatzes zur Analyse und Dokumentation von transdisziplinären Netzwerkbildungen; Darstellung des Kommunikations- und Wissensmanagements im Netzwerk 'Stärkefeld Nachhaltiges Bauen und Ableitung von Empfehlungen für die Transferierbarkeit von tacit knowledge; Entwicklung von geschlechtergerechten Strategien im Bereich des nachhaltigen Bauens; Nutzbarmachung der Forschungsergebnisse auf interaktive Weise für WissenschaffterInnen und AkteurInnen im Bereich des nachhaltigen Bauens und Sanierens.
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