Ziel: Erforschung der Entwicklungsbedingungen der Malariaerreger in Stechmuecken; Ursachen der Resistenz bzw. der Empfaenglichkeit; Mechanismen der Anpassung der Malariaparasiten an neue Wirte, d.h. koennen veraenderte Umweltbedingungen neuerliche Verbreitung der Malaria ermoeglichen?
In dem Projekt wird die Aufnahme und Ausprägung von Bacillus-Toxingenen durch bakterielle Symbionten des 'Pantoffeltieres' Paramecium untersucht. Bestimmte Eiweiße aus Bakterien der Gattung Bacillus sind mit hoher Spezifität toxisch für Larven von Anopheles-Mücken, den Überträgern der Malaria. Die im Vergleich zu chemischen Toxinen ökologisch weitgehend unbedenklichen Bacillus-Toxine werden in Gewässern aber schnell inaktiviert, ihre Anwendung ist daher limitiert. Ein transgenes Paramecium-Symbiosesystem könnte möglicherweise als Toxin-Carrier die Häufigkeit von Anopheles-Larven in Gewässern langfristig reduzieren, da Paramecien zum Nahrungsspektrum von Mückenlarven gehören und weltweit verbreitet sind. Bestimmte Paramecium-Symbionten bilden bereits natürlicherweise ein Eiweißtoxin, das aber statt Mückenlarven andere Paramecien abtötet. Wirkungen entsprechender regulatorischer DNA-Sequenzen der Symbionten auf die Bacillustoxin-Expression sollen untersucht werden. Die ökotoxikologischen Effekte sollen anschließend im Labor untersucht werden. Dazu gehören neben Einflüssen auf Anopheles-Larven als Zielorganismen solche auf die Lebensgemeinschaft, die in dem vorliegenden Fall das Ökosystem Stillgewässer repräsentiert
Various species of pest insects cause substantial damage to agriculture every year, or transmit deadly diseases to animals and humans. A successful strategy to control pest insect populations is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which uses the release of mass-reared, radiation sterilized male insects to cause infertile matings and thus reduce the pest population level. However, irradiation is not applicable to every insect species. Thus, new strategies based on genetic modifications of pest insects have been developed or are currently under investigation.The goal of the proposed research is to improve the development and ecological safety of genetically engineered (GE) insects created for enhanced biological control programs, including the SIT and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for GE insect release programs is transgene stability, and maintenance of their consistent expression. Transgene loss or intra-genomic movement could result in loss of strain attributes, and may ultimately lead to interspecies movement resulting in ecological risks. To address potential transgene instability, a new transposon vector that allows post-integration immobilization will be tested in the Mediterranean, Mexican and Oriental fruit fly tephritid pest species. In addition, the system will be established in the mosquito species Aedes and Anopheles - carriers of dengue and malaria.Random genomic insertion is also problematic for GE strain development due to genomic position effects that suppress transgene expression, and insertional mutations that negatively affect host fitness and viability. Diminished transgene expression could result in the unintended survival of conditional lethal individuals, or the inability to identify them. To target transgene vectors to defined genomic insertion sites having minimal negative effects on gene expression and host fitness, a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy will be developed that. RMCE will also allow for stabilization of the target site, will be tested in tephritid and mosquito species, and will aid to the development of stabilized target-site strains for conditional lethal biocontrol. This will include a molecular and organismal evaluation of an RNAi-based lethality approach. Lethality based on an RNAi mechanism in the proposed insects would increase the species specificity and having multiple targets for lethality versus one target in existing systems. By seeking to improve transgene expressivity and stabilization of transposon-based vector systems, this proposal specifically addresses issues related to new GE insects by reducing their unintended spread after field release, and by limiting the possibilities for transgene introgression.
Parasitäre Wurminfektionen gehören auch heute noch zu den am weitesten verbreiteten Infektionskrankheiten in Ländern der Dritten Welt. Die Zahl der durch Wurminfektionen verursachten Todesfälle ist der Malaria vergleichbar. Die Behandlung von Wurminfektionen beim Mensch wie auch beim Tier ist zur Zeit durch massive Resistenzen erheblich erschwert. Der einzige neue Wirkstoff, der in den vergangenen 30 Jahren gefunden wurde und über eine ausreichende Wirksamkeit bei gleichzeitig guter Verträglichkeit verfügt, ist das Cyclooctadepsipeptid PF1022. Im Rahmen eines industriellen Kooperationsprojektes wurden zunächst enantioselektive Verfahren für die Herstellung von substituierten Phenylmilchsäuren entwickelt. Diese Verfahren beruhen auf der Übergangsmetall- oder Enzym-katalysierten Hydrierung von ?-Oxophenylmilchsäuren. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden mehrere zum Teil hocheffiziente Synthesen für PF1022 an der festen Phase entwickelt. Diese Verfahren erlauben die automatisierte Herstellung kleinerer Bibliotheken von PF1022 Analoga innerhalb kurzer Zeit. Ziel der Arbeiten ist, eine PF1022 ähnliche Verbindung mit optimierter Wirkung gegen humanparasitäre Wurminfektionen zu finden.
Eine Reihe von metallorganischen Gold-Komplexen mit Alkinyl-Liganden wurde hergestellt und spektroskopisch und kristallographisch charakterisiert. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Wien und der Medizinischen Universität Wien wurde die Antitumor- und Antimalariaaktivität dieser Substanzen untersucht.
This metadata refer to the dataset presenting the annual change in the number of months suitable for the transmission of the Plasmodium vivax parasite causing malaria. The suitable months are those with precipitation above 80 mm, average temperature between 14.5°C and 33°C, and relative humidity above 60%, in land types highly suitable for Anopheles mosquitoes.
This series refers to datasets related to climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities in Europe based on the Lancet Countdown indicators on health and heat; extreme events and health; and climate-sensitive infectious disease.
Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. © 2020 The Author(s)
The health of populations in Europe will be affected in the coming decades by global climate changes. Adaptation is a key response strategy to minimize potential impacts of climate change, and to reduce, with the least cost, the adverse effects on health. cCASHh investigated some of the many ways in which climate change affects health by carrying out a combination of impact and adaptation assessment for four climate-related health outcomes: health effects of heat and cold; health effects of extreme weather events; infectious diseases transmitted by insects and ticks, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis, malaria (vectorborne and rodentborne diseases); infectious diseases transmitted in the water supply or through food (waterborne and foodborne diseases). Floods and heat-waves have direct effects on health. Foodborne and vectorborne diseases are indirect effects of climate change through change in seasonal patterns of diseases. Main conclusions cCASHh has provided timely and critical information on now and how strategies for health threats from climate change. Many conclusions have been drawn from analysis of the health impacts of the 2002 floods and the 2003 heat-wave. This information is being used to design new policies and improve measures to address morbidity and mortality due to flooding and heat-waves. It is not apparent that improvements are taking place quickly enough in those risk areas where no recent disasters or emergencies have occurred. Any comprehensive long-term strategy for minimizing the risks associated with global climate change requires the combination of planned adaptation (now and how) and mitigation of climate change. International burden-sharing is needed to distribute the costs of adaptation according to the vulnerability of countries to climate change.
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