Other language confidence: 0.7131200059669504
<p>The general Pleistocene architecture of the Amazon Fan has been reconstructed using sediment recovered by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 155. Huge regional mass-transport deposits (MTDs) make up a significant component of the Amazon Fan. These deposits each cover an area over 15,000 km**2 (approximately the size of Jamaica), reach a maximum thickness of 200 m, and consist of ~5000 Gt of sediment. Benthic foraminiferal fauna analysis and sedimentology indicate that the MTDs originated on the continental slope, which is at least 200 km laterally and 1500 m above their present position. Each mass-failure event was formed by the catastrophic failure of the continental slope and has been dated and correlated with climate-induced changes in sea level. Studies of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the Amazon Fan has been essential to our reconstruction of the origin and cause of these failures. The MTDs contain rare shelf (Quinqueloculina cf. stalkeri, Brizalina aenariensis, Q. lamarckiana, and Pseudononion atlanticum) and dominant upper-middle bathyal species (cassidulinids and buliminids). We conclude that the MTD originated between 200 and 600 m water depth, approximately the same zone in which gas hydrates occur. We suggest that the glacial MTDs referred to as Deep Eastern MTD (35–37 ka) and Unit R MTD (41–45 ka) correlate with rapid drops in sea level which destabilized continental slope gas-hydrate reservoirs causing catastrophic slope failure. An alternative explanation is required for the deglacial MTDs referred to as Western and Eastern Debris Flows (13–14 ka) which occurred as sea level rose rapidly during the Bølling-Allerød period. We suggest that the deglaciation of the Andes and the consequent enhanced sediment supply coupled with a shift of the depo-centre to the continental shelf, caused over-burdening and thus slope failure. Evidence for a 2 per mil negative d13C shift in both planktonic foraminifera and organic matter coeval with these failures suggest that whatever the cause, there was a large release of methane hydrate associated with each failure.</p>
<p>A mass extinction of deep-sea benthic foraminifera has been documented globally, coeval with the negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, which was probably caused by dissociation of methane hydrate. A detailed record of benthic foraminiferal faunal change over ~30 k.y. across the carbon isotopic excursion at the Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 (Southern Ocean) shows that shortly before the CIE absolute benthic foraminiferal abundance at that site started to increase. 'Doomed species' began to decrease in abundance at the CIE by a few thousand years. After the extinction faunas were dominated by small species, which resemble opportunistic taxa under high-productivity regions in the present oceans. Calcareous nannofossils (primary producers), however, show a transition to more oligotrophic nannofloras exactly where the benthic faunas show the opposite. Plankton and benthos is thus decoupled. Possibly, a larger fraction of food particles reached the seafloor after the CIE, so that food for benthos increased although productivity declined. Enhanced organic preservation might have resulted from low-oxygen conditions caused by oxidation of methane. Alternatively, and speculatively, there was a food-source at the ocean floor. Benthic foraminifera dominating the post-extinction fauna resemble living species that symbiotically use chemosynthetic bacteria at cold seeps. During increased, diffuse methane escape from hydrates, sulfate-reducing bacteria could have produced sulfide used by chemosynthetic bacteria, which in turn were used by the benthic foraminifera, causing extinction by a change in food supply.</p>
Natural gas hydrates are non-stoichiometric crystalline compounds containing water and guest molecules such as CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CO2, etc. They are considered as a promising energy resource, a potential geohazard and a contributor to global climate warming. An accurate knowledge of the dissociation behavior of gas hydrates is a necessity for the recovery of natural gas hydrates and the assessment of potential risks of CH4 release from destabilized deposits. To explore the dissociation behavior of gas hydrates, Raman spectroscopy is regarded as a non-destructive and powerful tool. This technique enables to distinguish between guest molecules in the free gas or liquid phase, encased into a clathrate cavity or dissolved in an aqueous phase, therefore providing time-resolved information about the conditions of the guest molecules during the hydrate dissociation process. Experiments were carried out at the Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, GFZ. Since the dissociation kinetics of sI hydrates may vary from that of sII hydrates, sI CH4 hydrates, sII binary hydrates and sII multicomponent mixed hydrates were investigated during the experiments. For the in situ Raman measurements, hydrates were synthesized in a high-pressure cell from pure water and the specific continuous gas flow which was the CH4-C3H8 gas mixture for binary hydrates and CH4-C2H6-C3H8-CO2 gas mixture for mixed hydrate system. The p-T condition of the experiment was initially set at 274 K and 7.0 MPa for the sI hydrates whereas 278 K and 3.0 MPa for sII hydrate systems. After the stabilization of the hydrates in the reactor, the temperature of the system was increased one step at a time to mimic global warming and initiate hydrate dissociation. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in hydrate compositions over the whole dissociation period until the hydrate phase was completely decomposed. Apart from this, hydrates were formed from ice powders and the specific gas/gas mixtures in batch pressure vessels for several weeks. Gas hydrates were recovered and placed into a Linkam cooling stage for further ex situ Raman spectroscopic measurements. Again, the temperature of the stage gradually increased from 168 K onwards to study the dissociation process. In all three hydrate systems, one in situ Raman measurements and at least two repetitions of ex situ Raman measurements (3 repetitions for the CH4 hydrate system) were carried out, therefore resulting in 10 separate experimental tests. This dataset encompasses raw Raman spectra of the 10 experimental tests (4 tests for CH4 hydrates, 3 tests for CH4-C3H8 hydrates and 3 for mixed gas hydrates) which contained Raman shifts and the respective measured intensities. Each Raman spectrum was fitted to Gauss/Lorentz function after an appropriate background correction to estimate the band areas and positions (Raman shift). The Raman band areas were then corrected with wavelength-independent cross-sections factors for each specific component. The concentration of each guest molecule in the hydrate phase was given as mol% in separate spreadsheets for three different hydrate systems as. Further details on the analytical setup, experimental procedures and composition calculation are provided in the following sections.
Das Vorhaben der Universität Bremen trägt inhaltlich zu den beiden Teilprojekten 2 und 3 des Verbundprojektes SUGAR III bei. Die Arbeiten zielen zum einen auf den Wissens- und Technologietransfer zu den Industriepartnern in den jeweiligen Teilprojekten, zum anderen werden die Gashydratvorkommen im Paläo-Donaudelta erschlossen, um einen europäischen Feldtest zum Gashydratabbau vorzubereiten und mögliche Risiken einschätzen und bewerten zu können. Das Teilvorhaben SUGAR-III-A-MARUM TP2 'Explorationsbohrtechnik' zielt auf die Spezialisierung der Bohrlochmesstechnik für Gashydratvorkommen. Das MARUM-MeBo200 soll genutzt werden um Bohrlochmesstechnik und Probennahme zur Identifikation von Gashydraten sowie eine Industrietaugliche Steuerung für ein Gashydrat-Explorationsbohrgerät zu entwickeln und zu testen. Das zweite Teilvorhaben SUGAR-III-A-MARUM TP3 'Expedition ins Donaudelta' wird zur Durchführung von Explorationsbohrungen an ausgewählten Lokationen im Schwarzen Meer beantragt. Hier soll mit dem MeBo200 eine Forschungsexpedition zur Erkundung der Gashydratvorkommen im Donau-Tiefseefächer durchgeführt werden, um Basisdaten für einen geplanten europäischen Fördertest zu gewinnen. Die Arbeitspakete zum Erreichen dieser Arbeitsziele sind im Einzelnen: AP1.1: Entwicklung einer Sonic-Bohrlochmesssonde für den Einsatz mit Meeresboden-Bohrgeräten in Kooperation mit Antares Datensysteme AP1.2: Adaption von Druckkernrohren für den Einsatz mit MeBo200 zur quantitativen Probennahme in Gashydratlagerstätten AP1.3: Untersuchung weiterer Messverfahren für Gashydratlagerstätten (in Kooperation mit TU Freiberg, Antares Datensysteme, Bauer Maschinen) AP2.1: Entwicklung einer intuitiven Bedienoberfläche für MeBo200 in Kooperation mit Bauer Maschinen AP 2.2.: Automatisierung des Bohrablaufs für MeBo200 in Kooperation mit Bauer Maschinen AP3: Tests der Entwicklungen AP4: Durchführung einer Forschungsexpedition mit dem MeBo200 ins Donaudelta.
Current climate change may induce positive carbon cycle feedbacks that amplify anthropogenic warming on time scales of centuries to millennia. Similar feedbacks might have been active during a phase of carbon cycle perturbation and global warming, termed the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56 million years ago). The PETM may help constrain these feedbacks and their sensitivity to warming. We present new high-resolution carbon isotope and sea surface temperature data from Ocean Drilling Project Site 959 in the Equatorial Atlantic. With these and existing data from the New Jersey shelf and Maud Rise, Southern Ocean, we quantify the lead-lag relation between PETM warming and the carbon input that caused the carbon isotope excursion. We show ~2 ºC of global warming preceded the CIE by millennia, strongly implicating CO2-driven warming triggered a positive carbon cycle feedback. We further compile new and published barium (Ba) records encompassing continental shelf, slope and deep-ocean settings. Based on this compilation, average Ba burial rates approximately tripled during the PETM, which may require an additional source of Ba to the ocean. Although the precipitation pathway is not well constrained, dissolved Ba stored in sulfate-depleted pore-waters below methane hydrates could represent an additional source. We speculate the most complete explanation for early warming and rise in Ba supply is that hydrate dissociation acted as a positive feedback and caused the CIE. This could imply hydrates are more temperature-sensitive than previously considered, and may warrant reconsideration of the political assignment of 2 °C warming as a safe future scenario.
Das Teilprojekt 2: Explorationsbohrtechnik des Projektes SUGAR III hat die Zielsetzung, ein Explorationsbohrgerät zu entwickeln, welches sich den Anforderungen einer industriellen Exploration im Vorfeld einer kommerziellen Gashydrat-Förderung stellt. Diese Anforderungen bestehen aus zwei verschiedenen Gebieten. Einerseits muss das Explorationsgerät selber wirtschaftlich, effizient und sicher (nach Industriestandards) einsetzbar sein. Andererseits muss die einsetzbare Messtechnik die Informationen der Lagerstätte bestimmten können, welche für die Erstellung eines Lagerstättenmodells notwendig sind. Das Teilprojekt gliedert sich in drei Arbeitspakete. Das AP1 beschäftigt sich mit der Erweiterung der Messtechnik des MeBo. Dabei geht es einerseits darum, ein Atoklav-Kernbohrsystem am MeBo zu implementieren, andererseits werden Messsonden entwickelt, die die aus lagerstättentechnischer Sicht relevanten Parameter erfassen können. In AP 2 werden die Steuerung und das Handling des MeBo so modifiziert, dass es als kommerzielles Explorationsbohrgerät für Gashydrate angeboten werden kann. Bisher ist die Steuerung eher an die eines ROV angelehnt. In AP 3 werden schließlich die Entwicklungen aus den ersten beiden Arbeitspaketen mittels umfangreicher (In-situ-) Tests analysiert und validiert. Dies geschieht für verschiedene Szenarien, die auf Grundlage von bekannten submarinen Gashydratlagerstätten entwickelt werden.
In dem Projekt INGGAS sollen Geräte für die geophysikalische Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Gashydraten in marinen Sedimenten sowie für Untersuchungen zu ihren Bildungsbedingungen entwickelt werden. Das Projekt ist in vier Teilbereiche aufgeteilt: HISS, FLUX, OBS, DEEP TOW. Es sollen Ozeanbodenseismometer entwickelt werden, die es erlauben, das gesamte Wellenfeld am Meeresboden zu erfassen. Insbesondere für die vorgeschlagenen Untersuchungen der S-Welleneigenschaften ist dies von hervorragender Bedeutung. Ferner soll ein tiefgeschleppter Streamer entwickelt werden. Dieser wird es ermöglichen, die räumliche Auflösung der Untergrundstrukturen um ein Vielfaches zu verbessern. Ergebnisse: Verbesserung existierender Ozeanboden-Seismometer. Bau von OBS und erfolgreicher Test in der Ostsee. Entwicklung eines hybriden digitalen Multikanal-Seismik-Streamers. Seismische Vermessung der ozeanischen Lithosphäre.
In dem Projekt INGGAS sollen Geräte für die geophysikalische Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung von Gashydraten in marinen Sedimenten sowie für Untersuchungen zu ihren Bildungsbedingungen entwickelt werden. Das Projekt ist in vier Teilbereiche aufgeteilt: HISS, FLUX, OBS, DEEP TOW. Es sollen Ozeanbodenseismometer entwickelt werden, die es erlauben, das gesamte Wellenfeld am Meeresboden zu erfassen. Insbesondere für die vorgeschlagenen Untersuchungen der S-Welleneigenschaften ist dies von hervorragender Bedeutung. Ferner soll ein tiefgeschleppter Streamer entwickelt werden. Dieser wird es ermöglichen, die räumliche Auflösung der Untergrundstrukturen um ein Vielfaches zu verbessern. Ergebnisse: Verbesserung existierender Ozeanboden-Seismometer. Bau von OBS und erfolgreicher Test in der Ostsee. Entwicklung eines hybriden digitalen Multikanal-Seismik-Streamers. Seismische Vermessung der ozeanischen Lithosphäre.
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