In my project I aim at a better understanding of the evolution of malacostracan crustaceans, which includes very different groups such as mantis shrimps, krill and lobsters. Previous studies on Malacostraca, on extant as well as on fossil representatives, focussed on adult morphology.In contrast to such approaches, I will apply a Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach to shed new light on the evolution of Malacostraca. Palaeo-Evo-Devo uses data of different developmental stages of fossil malacostracan crustaceans, such as larval and juvenile stages. With this approach I aim at bridging morphological gaps between the different diverse lineages of modern malacostracans by providing new insights into the character evolution in these lineages.An extensive number of larval and juvenile malacostracans is present in the fossil record, but which have only scarcely been studied. The backbone of this project will be on malacostracans from the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestones (ca. 150 million years old), which are especially well preserved and exhibit minute details. During previous studies, I developed new documentation methods for tiny fossils from these deposits, e.g., fluorescence composite microscopy, and also discovered the first fossil mantis shrimp larvae. For malcostracan groups that do not occur in Solnhofen, I will investigate fossils from other lagerstätten, e.g., Mazon Creek and Bear Gulch (USA), or Montceaules- Mines and La-Voulte-sur-Rhône (France). The main groups in focus are mantis shrimps and certain other shrimps (e.g., mysids, caridoids), as well as the bottom-living ten-footed crustaceans (reptantians). Examples for studied structures are leg details, including the feeding apparatus, but also eyes. The results will contribute to the reconstruction of 3D computer models.The data collected in this project will be used for evaluating the relationships within Malacostraca, but mainly for providing plausible evolutionary scenarios, how the modern malacostracan diversity evolved. With the Palaeo-Evo-Devo approach, I am also able to detect shifts in developmental timing, called heterochrony, which is interpreted as one of the major driving forces of evolution. Finally, the reconstructed evolutionary patterns can be compared between the different lineages for convergencies. These comparisons might help to explain the convergent adaptation to similar ecological niches in different malacostracan groups, e.g., life in the deep sea, life on the sea bottom, evolution of metamorphosis or of predatory larvae.As the project requires the investigation of a large number of specimens in different groups, I will assign distinct sub-projects to three doctoral researchers. The results of this project will not only be published in peer-reviewed journals, but will also be presented to the non-scientific public, e.g., during fossil fairs or museum exhibitions with 3D models engraved in glass blocks.
Zur nachhaltigen Sicherung der Energie- und Stromversorgung wird zukünftig neben Kernenergie und regenerativer Energiebereitstellung weiterhin der Rückgriff auf fossile Brennstoffe, wie Kohle, Öl und Erdgas, unverzichtbar bleiben. Bei konventionellen Kraftwerkstechnologien werden jedoch Treibhausgase freigesetzt, während gleichzeitig deren Reduzierung weltweit hohe Priorität hat. Zur Lösung dieses Zielkonflikts werden 'Carbon Capture and Storage' (CCS)-Methoden diskutiert, wobei die Oxyfuel-Verbrennung eine der vielversprechendsten Technologien zur CO2-Abscheidung darstellt. Bei diesem Verfahren wird der Brennstoff anstelle von Luft mit einem Gemisch aus Sauerstoff und rezirkuliertem Rauchgas verbrannt, um so ein hoch CO2-haltiges Abgas zu erzeugen, das nach weiteren sekundären Reinigungsschritten abgetrennt werden kann. Der Ersatz des Stickstoffanteils der Luft durch CO2 und H2O führt zu einem völlig neuen Verbrennungsverhalten, das auch zu Instabilitäten sowie zum örtlichen Verlöschen der Flamme führen kann. Die korrekte Beschreibung dieses Verbrennungsverhaltens erfordert entsprechende physikalisch und chemisch motivierte Modelle für diese spezielle Gasatmosphäre. Deshalb sollen bis zum Projektende des Sonderforschungsbereichs/Transregio die folgenden Erkenntnisse, Daten und Modelle zur Verfügung stehen: (1) Belastbare Modelle durch grundlegendes Verständnis der beteiligten Prozesse und deren Abhängigkeit von den jeweiligen Einflussparametern, von der Mikroskala bis hin zur skalenübergreifenden Interaktion, (2) Basisdaten zur Vorhersage der Wärmeübertragung von der Flamme an die Wände und Einbauten in Kraftwerkskesseln mit Oxyfuel-Atmosphäre, (3) Verlässliche Berechnungsgrundlagen für die Entwicklung und Auslegung von Brennern und Feuerräumen für Oxyfuel-Kraftwerke mit Feststoffverbrennung. Im Sonderforschungsbereich/Transregio arbeiten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler der RWTH Aachen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum und TU Darmstadt zusammen.
In einem Plug-Flow-Reactor soll mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung untersucht werden, wie der Einfluss der veränderten Spezieskonzentrationen in Oxyfuel-Atmosphären die Pyrolyse und den Koksabbrand beeinflussen. Dazu wird neben Feststoffprobenahme, Gasanalysetechniken und Teeranalysen auch ein optisches Verfahren eingesetzt, um die Koksabbrandphase zu untersuchen. Die Versuche dazu werden unter hohen Temperaturen und Aufheizraten durchgeführt, wie sie typisch sind für die Zünd- und Flammenzone in Oxyfuel-Kohlenstaubbrennkammern. Quantitatives Ziel ist die Ermittlung von Pyrolysefreisetzungs- und Koksabbrandraten. Basierende auf diesen Ergebnissen können Globalkinetiken für Pyrolyse und Koksabbrand zur Integration in CFD Codes formuliert werden.
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
Comprehension of belowground competition between plant species is a central part in understanding the complex interactions in intercropped agricultural systems, between crops and weeds as well as in natural ecosystems. So far, no simple and rapid method for species discrimination of roots in the soil exists. We will be developing a method for root discrimination of various species based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflexion (ATR) Spectroscopy and expanding its application to the field. The absorbance patterns of FTIR-ATR spectra represent the chemical sample composition like an individual fingerprint. By means of multivariate methods, spectra will be grouped according to spectral and chemical similarity in order to achieve species discrimination. We will investigate pea and oat roots as well as maize and barnyard grass roots using various cultivars/proveniences grown in the greenhouse. Pea and oat are recommendable species for intercropping to achieve superior grain and protein yields in an environmentally sustainable manner. To evaluate the effects of intercropping on root distribution in the field, root segments will be measured directly at the soil profile wall using a mobile FTIR spectrometer. By extracting the main root compounds (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and recording their FTIR-ATR spectra as references, we will elucidate the chemical basis of species-specific differences.
In Teilprojekt A3 werden Modelle zur Beschreibung der Chlor- und Schwefelchemie bei der Oxyfuel-Verbrennung entwickelt, mit denen die Bildung Cl- und S-haltiger Minoritätenspezies vorhergesagt werden kann, um so die Rückwirkung von Cl- und S-haltigen Spezies auf die Verbrennung zu berücksichtigen. Experimentellen Untersuchungen hierzu erfolgen in einem Flugstromreaktor sowie mittels thermogravimetrischer Analyse. Eine extraktive Messtechnik mit Massenspektrometer für hochreaktive S- und Cl-Spezies wird entwickelt und erprobt.
In Teilprojekt A5 soll geklärt werden, ob die mineralischen Bestandteile, wie Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al oder Fe, der Kohle katalytisch aktiv sind und somit Einfluss auf den Oxyfuel-Verbrennungsprozess nehmen. Neben dem Verbrennungsprozess in O2 werden die beschleunigte Einstellung des Boudouard-Gleichgewichts und die Kohlevergasung mit H2O berücksichtigt, die durch Volumenvergrößerung erheblichen Einfluss auf das Strömungsfeld in Flammen nehmen können. Es sollen reale Kohlen aber insbesondere auch synthetische Modellkohlenstoffe untersucht werden, was eine schrittweise Steigerung der Komplexität der untersuchten Systeme erlaubt.
It has been suggested that dying and decaying fine roots and root exudation represent important, if not the most important, sources of soil organic carbon (SOC) in forest soils. This may be especially true for deep-reaching roots in the subsoil, but precise data to prove this assumption are lacking. This subproject (1) examines the distribution and abundance of fine roots (greater than 2 mm diameter) and coarse roots (greater than 2 mm) in the subsoil to 240 cm depth of the three subsoil observatories in a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stand, (2) quantifies the turnover of beech fine roots by direct observation (mini-rhizotron approach), (3) measures the decomposition of dead fine root mass in different soil depths, and (4) quantifies root exudation and the N-uptake potential with novel techniques under in situ conditions with the aim (i) to quantify the C flux to the SOC pool upon root death in the subsoil, (ii) to obtain a quantitative estimate of root exudation in the subsoil, and (iii) to assess the uptake activity of fine roots in the subsoil as compared to roots in the topsoil. Key methods applied are (a) the microscopic distinction between live and dead fine root mass, (b) the estimation of fine and coarse root age by the 14C bomb approach and annual ring counting in roots, (c) the direct observation of the formation and disappearance of fine roots in rhizotron tubes by sequential root imaging (CI-600 system, CID) and the calculation of root turnover, (d) the measurement of root litter decomposition using litter bags under field and controlled laboratory conditions, (e) the estimation of root N-uptake capacity by exposing intact fine roots to 15NH4+ and 15NO3- solutions, and (f) the measurement of root exudation by exposing intact fine root branches to trap solutions in cuvettes in the field and analysing for carbohydrates and amino acids by HPLC and Py-FIMS (cooperation with Prof. A. Fischer, University of Trier). The obtained data will be analysed for differences in root abundance and activity between subsoil (100-200 cm) and topsoil (0-20 cm) and will be related to soil chemical and soil biological data collected by the partner projects that may control root turnover and exudation in the subsoil. In a supplementary study, fine root biomass distribution and root turnover will also be studied at the four additional beech sites for examining root-borne C fluxes in the subsoil of beech forests under contrasting soil conditions of different geological substrates (Triassic limestone and sandstone, Quaternary sand and loess deposits).
Prehistoric pits are filled with ancient topsoil material, which has been preserved there over millennia. A characteristic of these pit fillings is that their colour is different depending on the time the soil material was relocated. Soil colour is the result of soil forming processes and soil properties, and it could therefore indicate the soil characteristics present during that specific period. To the best of our knowledge, no investigation analysed and explained the reasons for these soil colour changes over time. The proposed project will investigate soil parameters from pit fillings of different archaeological periods in the loess area of the Lower Rhine Basin (NW-Germany). It aims to implement the measurement of colour spectra as a novel analytical tool for the rapid analyses of a high number of soil samples: the main goal is to relate highresolution colour data measured by a spectrophotometer to soil parameters that were analysed by conventional pedogenic methods and by mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), with a main focus on charred organic matter (BPCAs). This tool would enable us to quantify the variation of soil properties over a timescale of several millennia, during different prehistoric periods at regional scale and for loess soils in general. Detailed information concerning changing soil properties on a regional scale is necessary to determine past soil quality and it helps to increase our understanding of prehistoric soil cultivation practices. Furthermore, these information could also help to increase our understanding about agricultural systems in different archaeological periods.
Laminare Oxyfuel-Flammen werden in einer Gegenstromanordnung untersucht. Als Brennstoffe werden unter anderem gasförmige Entgasungssurrogate und Kohlestaub verwendet. Hier wird besonders die Gasphasenchemie betrachtet, aber auch deren Beeinflussung durch die Entgasung und den Koksabbrand. Das Teilprojekt trägt dazu bei, die Interaktion von Strömung und Verbrennung von gasförmigen und festen Brennstoffen unter Oxyfuel-Bedingungen grundlegend zu verstehen und Modelle hierfür zu entwickeln. Der hier zu entwickelnde reaktionskinetische Gasphasen-Mechanismus dient als Grundlage für großskalige numerische Simulationen.
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