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GTS Bulletin: FTKN32 HKKI - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTKN32 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (KN): Kenya (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

Ecotoxicology of Organotin compounds

Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1266: Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Schwerpunktprogramm SPP 1266: Integrierte Analyse zwischeneiszeitlicher Klimadynamik (Interdynamik)

Das Schwerpunktprogramm setzt sich zum Ziel, das Verständnis der Klimadynamik anhand quantitativer Untersuchungen des Paläoklimas im Hinblick auf zukünftige Klimaprognosen zu verbessern. INTERDYNAMIK verfolgt einen integrativen Ansatz der Paläoklimaforschung, in dem alle verfügbaren Paläoklimaarchive (terrestrische und marine sowie Eisbohrkerne) miteinander verknüpft werden sollen, um zu einer möglichst umfassenden, quantitativen Analyse globaler Umweltvariationen zu gelangen. Darüber hinaus wird eine enge Verzahnung von Paläoklimarekonstruktionen mit Ergebnissen aus der Erdsystemmodellierung weitreichende Einblicke in die Dynamik von Klimavariationen liefern, die von großer Relevanz für eine Abschätzung zukünftiger Klimaveränderungen sind. Die Untersuchungen sollen auf spätpleistozäne Warmzeiten (inklusive deren Beginn und Ende) im vorindustriellen Zeitraum bis circa eine Million Jahre vor heute beschränkt sein. Im Hinblick auf die globalen Aspekte des Klimawandels wird der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen in INTERDYNAMIK auf globalen und überregionalen (z. B. kontinent- und beckenweiten) Skalen liegen. Die folgenden Schlüsselfragen werden im Zentrum der Untersuchungen stehen: (1) Welche Amplitude haben natürliche Klimavariationen auf Zeitskalen von einigen Jahren bis Jahrtausenden? (2) Wie verändern sich Klimavariabilitätsmuster in Zeit und Raum? (3) Treten abrupte Änderungen der großskaligen Ozeanzirkulation im Atlantik in Interglazialen auf? (4) Welche biogeochemischen Rückkopplungsmechanismen bestimmen die natürlichen Grenzen der atmosphärischen Treibhausgas- und Aerosolkonzentration? (5) Welche Wechselwirkungen existieren zwischen Klima und vorindustriellen Kulturen?. Grundlage für die Bearbeitung dieser Fragestellungen bildet die Kombination zeitlich hochauflösender Klimainformationen aus Eisbohrkernen, marinen und terrestrischen Archiven mit einer modernen Erdsystemmodellierung. INTERDYNAMIK sieht ausschließlich sogenannte Dual+-Verbundprojekte vor, in denen mindestens zwei der Forschungsfelder Eisbohrkerne, marine Archive, terrestrische Archive und Erdsystemmodellierung vertreten sein müssen. Über die Dual+-Projekte wird eine enge disziplinen- und ortsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit von universitären und außeruniversitären Arbeitsgruppen angestrebt.

GTS Bulletin: FCGL31 BGGH - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FCGL31 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FC): Aerodrome (VT < 12 hours) A1A2 (GL): Greenland (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FTRO40 LRAF - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTRO40 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (RO): Romania (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FTEO33 EEEI - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTEO33 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (EO): Estonia (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FTGL32 BGGH - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTGL32 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (GL): Greenland (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FTGL31 BGGH - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTGL31 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (GL): Greenland (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FCGL45 BGGH - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FCGL45 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FC): Aerodrome (VT < 12 hours) A1A2 (GL): Greenland (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

GTS Bulletin: FTDL31 EDFH - Forecast (details are described in the abstract)

The FTDL31 TTAAii Data Designators decode as: T1 (F): Forecast T1T2 (FT): Aerodrome (VT >= 12 hours) A1A2 (DL): Germany (Remarks from Volume-C: NilReason)

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