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Ozonschicht zerstörende Substanzen

Stratosphärisches Ozon (Ozonschicht) ist ein lebenswichtiger Bestandteil der Atmosphäre, wobei es nicht mehr als einen fein verteilten zarten Schleier darstellt, der zusammengepresst auf Normaldruck lediglich eine Dicke von etwa 3 mm hätte. Es reicht aber aus, um die kurzwellige ultraviolette (UV) Strahlung der Sonne zu absorbieren und so wie ein Sonnenschutz alles Leben auf der Erde vor den zellschädigenden Wirkungen zu schützen. Die stratosphärische Ozonschicht kann durch langlebige chlor- und bromhaltige Verbindungen wie Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen (FCKW) und Halon geschädigt werden. Ausgehend von Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) und Halonen, die als Treibgase, Kühl- und Schäummittel beziehungsweise als Feuerlöschmittel in der Vergangenheit eingesetzt wurden, entstehenden Chlor-Radikale, die nach komplizierten Zwischenschritten vor allem im Bereich der sehr kalten polaren Stratosphäre in der Lage sind, viele Ozonmoleküle zu spalten. In den Bereichen der Pole ist die Ozonschicht teilweise so gering, dass man vor allem während der Wintermonate von einem "Ozonloch" spricht. Zum Schutz der Ozonschicht wurde deshalb im Jahr 1987 das Montrealer Protokoll unterzeichnet. Dies wurde in Europa und Deutschland durch verschiedene Verordnungen umgesetzt. In Europa und in Deutschland sind die Herstellung und die Vermarktung von FCKW und Halonen sowie von Produkten, die diese enthalten (Spraydosen, Kühlgeräte, Feuerlöscher) weitestgehend verboten. Auch die Ersatzstoffe (H-FCKW), die ebenfalls ein Ozonschädigungspotential besitzen, wenn auch in geringerem Umfang, werden nach und nach beschränkt.

Montrealer Protokoll über Stoffe, die zum Abbau der Ozonschicht führen

Das Montrealer Protokoll (September 1987) ist das Ergebnis eines der ersten globalen Umweltschutzübereinkommen, das 1985 in Wien zustande gekommen war. Es setzt sich mit Stoffen, die zum Abbau der Ozonschicht führen, auseinander. Mit diesem Protokoll verpflichten sich 24 Staaten und die Mitglieder der EG, die Herstellung und Verwendung vollhalogenierter Flourchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) einzustellen. Deutschland ist bei der Umsetzung Vorreiter: 1991 erläßt die Bundesregierung die FCKW-Halon-Verbotsverordnung.

Насоки относно контрола върху търговията и върху инспекциите на предприятия във връзка с флуорсъдържащитепарникови газове (F-газове) и зоноразрушаващите вещества (ОРВ)

This guidance document has been developed in the project “Implementation and enforcement of EU regulations on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Bulgaria”. The objective of the document is to support Bulgaria in maximising its regulatory and enforcement capabilities with a focus on market surveillance and inspections of companies. It summarises the regulatory framework for F-gases and ODS in the EU, highlights new measures, including the F-gas phase-down and bans, and puts them into the Bulgarian context. Experiences, also in other EU member states, are referred to and recommendations for improving the enforcement of relevant EU F-gas and ODS regulations are given. To support effective inspection, checklists are provided to be used by inspectors during on-site inspections. Veröffentlicht in Broschüren.

Kigali-Vereinbarung zum Montrealer Protokoll kann 2019 in Kraft treten

Am 25. November 2017 endete in Montreal, Kanada, das 29. Treffen der Vertragsparteien des Montrealer Protokolls über ozonschichtschädigende Stoffe. Die Vertragsstaaten feierten in Montreal die Ratifikation der 2016 verabschiedeten "Kigali Amendment", der Erweiterung des Montrealer Protokolls auf Regelungen zur Reduktion klimaschädlicher fluorierter Treibhausgase. Der Gebrauch klimaschädlicher Kältemittel wird zukünftig weltweit eingeschränkt. Die entsprechende Vereinbarung hat bereits ein Jahr nach ihrer Verabschiedung in der ruandischen Hauptstadt Kigali die nötige Zahl von Ratifikationen erreicht und kann nun 2019 in Kraft treten. Die Bundesregierung hatte am 16. November 2017 in New York als eine der ersten Vertragsparteien die völkerrechtliche Ratifikationsurkunde für die Kigali- Vereinbarung hinterlegt. Während der Vertragsstaatenkonferenz des Montrealer Protokolls kam es zu weiteren Ratifikationen der Kigali-Vereinbarung. Mittlerweile haben diese mehr als 20 Staaten vorgenommen (Mindestanzahl für die Gültigkeit). Damit können deren Regelungen, die wichtig sind, um die Pariser Klimaziele zu erreichen, nun definitiv am 1. Januar 2019 in Kraft treten.

1987–2017: 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol

On 16 September 1987, 24 States and the European Community signed the Montreal Protocol. It initiated the mandatory phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and thus stopped the further destruction of the ozone layer by these substances. The switch to alternatives to CFCs with their high global warming potential also contributes to climate protection. Due to the worldwide implementation of the Montreal Protocol, ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs are hardly used today. Atmospheric concentrations of these substances are slowly declining due to natural decomposition processes and the size of the “ozone hole” over Antarctica is also becoming smaller. Because CFCs and other halogenated substances are also very effective greenhouse gases that heat up the climate up to 14,000 times more effective than carbon dioxide (⁠ CO2 ⁠), the Montreal Protocol has contributed not only to protecting the ozone layer but also to climate protection. With the Kigali Amendment for the worldwide phase-down of climate-damaging hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which has been agreed on in October 2016, the Montreal Protocol was extended to a new group of substances. In a background paper on the 30th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, the German Environment Agency describes the history of this important international agreement from the discovery of the “ozone hole” to its signing and implementation. In addition, the paper provides information on the HFC use today and on environmentally friendly substitutes and techniques, especially for refrigeration and air conditioning. Veröffentlicht in Hintergrundpapier.

Guidance on the control on the trade and on inspections of undertakings with regard to fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS)

This guidance document has been developed in the project “Implementation and enforcement of EU regulations on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Bulgaria”. The objective of the document is to support Bulgaria in maximising its regulatory and enforcement capabilities with a focus on market surveillance and inspections of companies. It summarises the regulatory framework for F-gases and ODS in the EU, highlights new measures, including the F-gas phase-down and bans, and puts them into the Bulgarian context. Experiences, also in other EU member states, are referred to and recommendations for improving the enforcement of relevant EU F-gas and ODS regulations are given. To support effective inspection, checklists are provided to be used by inspectors during on-site inspections. Veröffentlicht in Broschüren.

Ozone-depleting substances

Aggregated data on 'Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)'. Data reported by companies to the European Environment Agency (EEA) under Article 27 of Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 (EU Ozone Regulation). Data reported by companies on the production, import, export, destruction, and use of ozone-depleting substances in the EU-27 plus United Kingdom, 2006-2020.

Implementation and enforcement of EU regulations on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) und ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Bulgaria

This report summarises the findings and results of the project “Implementation and enforcement of EU regulations on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Bulgaria”. The project’s objective was to identify potential for improving the implementation and enforcement of different EU-regulations, e.g. of Regulation (EU) No. 517/2014, in Bulgaria. It focussed on the topics reporting, containment of ODS and F-gases, incentives for ODS destruction, supervision of the market (including internet trade), alternative technologies to F-gases, as well as training and certification contents and procedures addressing alternatives to F-gases. In addition to this final report, three guidance documents have been developed with more detailed information on the supervision of the market, on natural refrigerants, and on the training and certification topic. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 05/2017.

1987–2017: 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol

On 16 September 1987, 24 States and the European Community signed the Montreal Protocol. It initiated the mandatory phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and thus stopped the further destruction of the ozone layer by these substances. The switch to alternatives to CFCs with their high global warming potential also contributes to climate protection.Due to the worldwide implementation of the Montreal Protocol, ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs are hardly used today. Atmospheric concentrations of these substances are slowly declining due to natural decomposition processes and the size of the “ozone hole” over Antarctica is also becoming smaller.Because CFCs and other halogenated substances are also very effective greenhouse gases that heat up the climate up to 14,000 times more effective than carbon dioxide (⁠CO2⁠), the Montreal Protocol has contributed not only to protecting the ozone layer but also to climate protection.With the Kigali Amendment for the worldwide phase-down of climate-damaging hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which has been agreed on in October 2016, the Montreal Protocol was extended to a new group of substances.In a background paper on the 30th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, the German Environment Agency describes the history of this important international agreement from the discovery of the “ozone hole” to its signing and implementation. In addition, the paper provides information on the HFC use today and on environmentally friendly substitutes and techniques, especially for refrigeration and air conditioning.

Guidance on the control on the trade and on inspections of undertakings with regard to fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS)

This guidance document has been developed in the project “Implementation and enforcement of EU regulations on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Bulgaria”. The objective of the document is to support Bulgaria in maximising its regulatory and enforcement capabilities with a focus on market surveillance and inspections of companies. It summarises the regulatory framework for F-gases and ODS in the EU, highlights new measures, including the F-gas phase-down and bans, and puts them into the Bulgarian context. Experiences, also in other EU member states, are referred to and recommendations for improving the enforcement of relevant EU F-gas and ODS regulations are given. To support effective inspection, checklists are provided to be used by inspectors during on-site inspections.

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