This report analyses the taxation of energy use in 41 countries, covering 80% of global energy use. It appears at a juncture when many countries struggle to sustain orreconnect with economic growth and face formidable fiscal consolidation challenges. At the same time, concerns over the very highhuman costs of air pollution are mounting and the urgency of acting to limit greenhouse gases isnow abundantly clear.Energy use is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions and of air pollution. It also is acritical input into production and consumption in modern economies. If deployed effectively, taxes onenergy use are a powerful tool to balance the benefits and costs of energy use. Energy use taxes canalso play a useful role in fiscal consolidation. What this report tells us, however, is that with currentpolicies energy taxes fail to live up to their potential.Taxes on energy use influence the price and use of energy. Ideally, end-user energy prices wouldreflect their environmental impacts to ensure that resources are used most productively and that thenegative side-effects of energy use are contained. Taxes can help to achieve this, while also providingincentives to seek alternative, cleaner technologies.To employ energy taxes more effectively, it is necessary to understand the signals they providein respect of energy use. This report systematically analyses the structure and level of energy taxesacross 41 countries: the OECD countries and seven selected partner economies (Argentina, Brazil,China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Effective tax rates, expressed per unit of carbonand per unit of energy, are situated within the energy market structures and other pricing policies ineach country, allowing the price signals they send to be better understood.Our analysis highlights vastly different levels of energy use and taxation among these41 countries, but also some common patterns. Transport energy is typically taxed at higher ratesthan other forms of energy use whereas fuels for heating and process use or electricity generationare more likely to be untaxed or taxed at lower rates. Fuels used for similar purposes are often taxeddifferently, with low rates applying to some of the fuels most harmful for human health and theenvironment. Tax rates on coal are particularly low.The picture is not, however, entirely bleak. The awareness about the need to curb negative sideeffectsof energy use is rising on governments political agendas, with many, including the selectedpartner economies, reconsidering price signals and taxes on harmful forms of energy use andinvesting in renewable sources of energy. This report can serve as a reference for policy makers andanalysts to identify reform options to ensure that energy taxes are best adapted to their economic,social and environmental goals - that is, to develop better tax policies for better lives.
The main objective of EO4AGRI is to catalyze the evolution of the European capacity for improving operational agriculture monitoring from local to global levels based on information derived from Copernicus satellite observation data and through exploitation of associated geospatial and socio-economic information services. EO4AGRI assists the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with special attention to the CAP2020 reform, to requirements of Paying Agencies, and for the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) processes. EO4AGRI works with farmers, farmer associations and agro-food industry on specifications of data-driven farming services with focus on increasing the utilization of EC investments into Copernicus Data and Information Services (DIAS). EO4AGRI addresses global food security challenges coordinated within the G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring initiative (GEOGLAM) capitalizing on Copernicus Open Data as input to the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEW-NET). EO4AGRI assesses information about land-use and agricultural service needs and offers to financial investors and insurances and the potential added value of fueling those services with Copernicus information. The EO4AGRI team consists of 11 organizations, complementary in their roles and expertise, covering a good part of the value-chain with a significant relevant networking capital as documented in numerous project affiliations and the formal support declarations collected for EO4AGRI. All partners show large records of activities either in Copernicus RTD, governmental functions, or downstream service operations. The Coordinator of EO4AGRI is a major industrial player with proven capacities to lead H2020 projects. The EO4AGRI project methodology is a combination of community building; service gap analysis; technology watch; strategic research agenda design and policy recommendations; dissemination (incl. organization of hackathons).
Energy scenarios conducted at the Wuppertal Institute together with Iranian and German partners in the previous German-Iranian Co-operation project show that 1) Iran has huge potentials and a great capacity for cost-effective energy savings in industry, transportation and in the residential sector, 2) Iran has vast renewable energy sources. In order to make the best use of efficiency and renewable potentials and to introduce a new path of sustainable economic and socio-political development, Iran needs to introduce new elements in its energy policy. In the current project three cornerstones in policy and education shall be analyzed and evaluated in terms of their possible contribution to policy change and structural change within Iran. These cornerstones are: 1) 'regulation for renewable' policy: For the development of a system based on renewable energies the energy sector needs regulation and a new kind of energy laws. One of these could be a Renewable Energy law (e.g. in the form of a feed-in tariff) 2) 'taxes and price reform' policy: Energy taxes and an energy price-reform are further elements to create a sustainable Iranian energy system. 3) innovative education approaches: Education and training are important issues for the change towards sustainable energy structures in Iran.
Durch die von Deng Xiaoping Ende der 1970er Jahre eingeleitete Oeffnungs- und Reformpolitik konnte die chinesische Volkswirtschaft bis in die Mitte der 1990er Jahre jaehrliche Wachstumsraten in zweistelliger Hoehe erzielen, was die Grundlage fuer einen fundamentalen Wandelungsprozess in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft bildete. Gleichzeitig hat sich dieses wirtschaftliche Wachstum in vergleichbarer Weise auch auf die Umwelt, namentlich durch Schadstoffemissionen ausgewirkt mit teilweise katastrophalen Folgen fuer die elementaren Lebensgrundlagen. Diese oekologisch bedenklichen Begleiterscheinungen des wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungs belasten jedoch ueber China hinaus bereits einige Nachbarlaender und sind schon aufgrund der hohen Bevoelkerungszahl auch global von groesster Bedeutung. Die Umweltpolitik der Volksrepublik China hat in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten ein dichtes Netz an rechtlichen Vorschriften zur Bekaempfung von Umweltzerstoerungen errichtet. Dazu zaehlt auch das Umweltstrafrecht, dessen Ausgangslage sich mit der Novellierung des Strafgesetzes vom 14.3.1997 wesentlich veraendert hat. Mit dem reformierten Strafgesetz ist ein eigener Titel zum Umweltstrafrecht geschaffen worden, welcher nicht nur fuer eine Ausweitung der Strafbarkeit, sondern auch fuer deren Praezisierung sorgte. Auch im Bereich der Amtsdelikte sind konkrete Tatbestaende in Bezug auf die Bediensteten der Forst-, Boden- und Umweltaufsichtsverwaltung hinzugekommen. Schwerpunkt der Studie ist die rechtliche Analyse des Stands und der Strukturen des aktuellen Umweltstrafrechts. Die Forschungen beziehen sich vor allem auf die normativen Strukturen des chinesischen Umweltstrafrechts und hinterfragen diese kritisch aus deutscher Perspektive. Insbesondere wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf die spezifischen Merkmale dieses Regelungsbereichs innerhalb des chinesischen Strafrechts gelegt. Um die Regelungen der Umwelttatbestaende hinreichend verstaendlich zu machen, wird aber auch das allgemeine chinesische Strafrecht tiefergehender eroertert. Erste empirische Daten zur Anwendung und Umsetzung der normativen Gegebenheiten runden die Untersuchung ab.
Portrait des Reformbezirkes Reinickendorf; Erfassung sozio-demographischer Faktenlagen zur Versachlichung kommunalpolitischen Handelns; Herausarbeitung von Haupttrends und Problemsituationen. Vorgehensweise: Sozialraumbeschreibung mit strukturierten Indikatoren aus den Bereichen: 1. Demographie, 2. Wirtschaft, 3. Soziales; Kommentare zu Faktenlagen; Herausarbeitung von Trends.
There is a clear need to quantify the knock-on effects of bioenergy schemes in rural depressed areas. Bioenergy schemes represent opportunities for European agriculture to diversify into new markets that will create new and additional employment in rural communities. This will also aid in increasing farming incomes and will act as a lever for other investment and contribute to the development of associated commercial and industrial activities. For instance, transport infrastructure and specialist machinery manufacturers will benefit from increased business. This will in turn create additional spending in the community and further add to the knock-on effects. The objective of this proposal is to develop a quantitative model to analyse the socioeconomic impacts of bioenergy deployment through rural diversification and to measure the distribution of benefits and costs of policy packages, particularly the CAP. The BIOSEM model - Biomass Socio-Economic Multiplier Model, will be a facilitator for the organisation and analysis of already existing data so that the employment and income benefits from bioenergy development and deployment in rural areas can be measured. The model will simulate the interaction between agricultural crops, biomass production, energy production and other sectors of the economy. The main aim of this proposal is the development of the BIOSEM model. This will allow: - the estimation of the direct and indirect knock-on effects on employment, income, local services and government revenue created by various phases of the deployment of bioenergy schemes in the participating European countries; - the identification of depressed rural areas that would benefit from bioenergy deployment; - recommendations for CAP policy reform to assist and promote rural diversification through bioenergy schemes. BIOSEM will assist policy makers to site energy crop production and processing plants and to identify where to target investment so as to get the highest production response or optimal income distribution effects in all the participating European countries. BIOSEM will help policy makers identify recommendations for rural policy and CAP reform and assist rural diversification through bioenergy deployment based on the results of BIOSEM model simulations.
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