The main objective of EO4AGRI is to catalyze the evolution of the European capacity for improving operational agriculture monitoring from local to global levels based on information derived from Copernicus satellite observation data and through exploitation of associated geospatial and socio-economic information services. EO4AGRI assists the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with special attention to the CAP2020 reform, to requirements of Paying Agencies, and for the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) processes. EO4AGRI works with farmers, farmer associations and agro-food industry on specifications of data-driven farming services with focus on increasing the utilization of EC investments into Copernicus Data and Information Services (DIAS). EO4AGRI addresses global food security challenges coordinated within the G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring initiative (GEOGLAM) capitalizing on Copernicus Open Data as input to the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEW-NET). EO4AGRI assesses information about land-use and agricultural service needs and offers to financial investors and insurances and the potential added value of fueling those services with Copernicus information. The EO4AGRI team consists of 11 organizations, complementary in their roles and expertise, covering a good part of the value-chain with a significant relevant networking capital as documented in numerous project affiliations and the formal support declarations collected for EO4AGRI. All partners show large records of activities either in Copernicus RTD, governmental functions, or downstream service operations. The Coordinator of EO4AGRI is a major industrial player with proven capacities to lead H2020 projects. The EO4AGRI project methodology is a combination of community building; service gap analysis; technology watch; strategic research agenda design and policy recommendations; dissemination (incl. organization of hackathons).
This report analyses the taxation of energy use in 41 countries, covering 80% of global energy use. It appears at a juncture when many countries struggle to sustain orreconnect with economic growth and face formidable fiscal consolidation challenges. At the same time, concerns over the very highhuman costs of air pollution are mounting and the urgency of acting to limit greenhouse gases isnow abundantly clear.Energy use is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions and of air pollution. It also is acritical input into production and consumption in modern economies. If deployed effectively, taxes onenergy use are a powerful tool to balance the benefits and costs of energy use. Energy use taxes canalso play a useful role in fiscal consolidation. What this report tells us, however, is that with currentpolicies energy taxes fail to live up to their potential.Taxes on energy use influence the price and use of energy. Ideally, end-user energy prices wouldreflect their environmental impacts to ensure that resources are used most productively and that thenegative side-effects of energy use are contained. Taxes can help to achieve this, while also providingincentives to seek alternative, cleaner technologies.To employ energy taxes more effectively, it is necessary to understand the signals they providein respect of energy use. This report systematically analyses the structure and level of energy taxesacross 41 countries: the OECD countries and seven selected partner economies (Argentina, Brazil,China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Effective tax rates, expressed per unit of carbonand per unit of energy, are situated within the energy market structures and other pricing policies ineach country, allowing the price signals they send to be better understood.Our analysis highlights vastly different levels of energy use and taxation among these41 countries, but also some common patterns. Transport energy is typically taxed at higher ratesthan other forms of energy use whereas fuels for heating and process use or electricity generationare more likely to be untaxed or taxed at lower rates. Fuels used for similar purposes are often taxeddifferently, with low rates applying to some of the fuels most harmful for human health and theenvironment. Tax rates on coal are particularly low.The picture is not, however, entirely bleak. The awareness about the need to curb negative sideeffectsof energy use is rising on governments political agendas, with many, including the selectedpartner economies, reconsidering price signals and taxes on harmful forms of energy use andinvesting in renewable sources of energy. This report can serve as a reference for policy makers andanalysts to identify reform options to ensure that energy taxes are best adapted to their economic,social and environmental goals - that is, to develop better tax policies for better lives.
A) Problemstellung: Die KOM hat am 29. Oktober 2003 nach mehrjähriger Vorbereitungszeit den Entwurf einer EG-Verordnung zur Neuordnung des Chemikalienrechts verabschiedet. Wesentlicher Inhalt ist die Einführung eines einheitlichen Systems zur Registrierung, Evaluierung und Autorisierung von Chemikalien (REACH) mit folgenden Kernpunkten: - einheitliches System für Alt- und Neustoffe mit am bisherigen Neustoffverfahren orientierten Datenanforderungen, - stärkere Industrieverantwortung, Konzentration der Behörden auf hochtonnagige und Besorgnisstoffe, - Möglichkeit eines Zulassungsverfahrens bei bestimmten besonders gefährlichen Stoffen, - Einbeziehung nachgeschalteter Anwender bei Verwendungen außerhalb des 'intended use'. Es sollte angesichts der Tatsache, dass dieses Reformprojekt unter deutscher Ratspräsidentschaft initiiert wurde, durch geeignete Maßnahmen und Projekte sichergestellt werden, dass Deutschland weiterhin eine maßgebliche Rolle im weiteren Gesetzgebungsverfahren auf EU-Ebene einnimmt. Wichtig ist in diesem Zusammenhang die Entwicklung einer angemessenen Kommunikationsstrategie zur Durchsetzung der deutschen Position (z.B. durch Einrichtung eines Internetportals, Entwicklung von Präsentationsmaterialien, Durchführung von Workshops und Stakeholderforen) sowie die Möglichkeit, auf neue Entwicklungen flexibel reagieren und die deutsche Position im Hinblick darauf rasch fortentwickeln zu können (z.B. Einholung von Gutachten zu Rechts- und Fachfragen sowie Kosten-/Nutzen-Analyse). B) Ziel und Handlungsbedarf (BMU; ggf. auch BfS, BfN oder UBA): Es ist von essentieller Bedeutung, dass BMU in die Lage versetzt wird, die deutschen Interessen im Hinblick auf eine Optimierung des Umwelt,- Gesundheits- und Verbraucherschutzes und der Erhaltung der industriellen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Deutschlands angemessen zu vertreten sowie Position und Ziele in der Fachöffentlichkeit zu diskutieren und für Unterstützung zu werben. Hierdurch wird zugleich eine höhere Akzeptanz des Reformvorhabens in der Öffentlichkeit erreicht werden können.
Bestimmungsgruende und Wirkungen der Bodenreformpolitik aus Sicht der Neuen Institutionenoekonomie. Eine auf Verteilungskonflikte basierende Theorie institutionellen Wandels soll zur Erklaerung des bulgarischen Transformationsprozesses im Agrarsektor herangezogen und entwickelt werden.
The proposed research project aims at identifying the major driving forces of rural poverty and distributional change in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the analysis will involve case studies for Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda, where micro and local as well as macro determinants of household incomes will be considered. While each case study will reveal interesting results in its own right, the objective is to draw general lessons, i.e. together the case studies should form more than the sum of the parts. The existing literature on the determinants of rural poverty and distributional change can broadly be divided into studies which analyse rural household behaviour in response to changes at the household and local level, and studies which try to establish a link between distributional outcomes and specific macroeconomic shocks or policies. Taken together, these two strands of the literature cover most of the factors that may affect rural households, but the literature appears to be incomplete in several respects. Studies belonging to the first strand tend to focus on specific aspects of rural income generation, thereby failing to account for the interactions between the micro determinants of household income and to trace micro changes back to changes at the macro level. The approaches employed in the second strand of the literature either lack a specification of transmission channels or suffer from being too stylised and not well informed by micro data. With the proposed project we intend to contribute to closing these gaps. In doing so, we will first identify the most relevant micro, local and macro determinants of household incomes and review the available evidence on their distributional impact in the three countries under consideration. This descriptive assessment serves to derive testable hypotheses regarding the drivers of distributional change. We will then specify a comprehensive model of rural income generation that accounts for the major constraints at the micro level, and a macro model that captures the transmission of shocks and policies to the household level. Finally, and most importantly, we will link the two models in a macro-micro simulation analysis in order to quantify the impact of the main country-specific external shocks and policy reforms on poverty and income distribution. By revealing the relative strength of the various factors determining household incomes, the simulation analysis will also provide information that can be used to derive priority areas for rural development policy.
Energy scenarios conducted at the Wuppertal Institute together with Iranian and German partners in the previous German-Iranian Co-operation project show that 1) Iran has huge potentials and a great capacity for cost-effective energy savings in industry, transportation and in the residential sector, 2) Iran has vast renewable energy sources. In order to make the best use of efficiency and renewable potentials and to introduce a new path of sustainable economic and socio-political development, Iran needs to introduce new elements in its energy policy. In the current project three cornerstones in policy and education shall be analyzed and evaluated in terms of their possible contribution to policy change and structural change within Iran. These cornerstones are: 1) 'regulation for renewable' policy: For the development of a system based on renewable energies the energy sector needs regulation and a new kind of energy laws. One of these could be a Renewable Energy law (e.g. in the form of a feed-in tariff) 2) 'taxes and price reform' policy: Energy taxes and an energy price-reform are further elements to create a sustainable Iranian energy system. 3) innovative education approaches: Education and training are important issues for the change towards sustainable energy structures in Iran.
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