The main objective of EO4AGRI is to catalyze the evolution of the European capacity for improving operational agriculture monitoring from local to global levels based on information derived from Copernicus satellite observation data and through exploitation of associated geospatial and socio-economic information services. EO4AGRI assists the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with special attention to the CAP2020 reform, to requirements of Paying Agencies, and for the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) processes. EO4AGRI works with farmers, farmer associations and agro-food industry on specifications of data-driven farming services with focus on increasing the utilization of EC investments into Copernicus Data and Information Services (DIAS). EO4AGRI addresses global food security challenges coordinated within the G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring initiative (GEOGLAM) capitalizing on Copernicus Open Data as input to the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEW-NET). EO4AGRI assesses information about land-use and agricultural service needs and offers to financial investors and insurances and the potential added value of fueling those services with Copernicus information. The EO4AGRI team consists of 11 organizations, complementary in their roles and expertise, covering a good part of the value-chain with a significant relevant networking capital as documented in numerous project affiliations and the formal support declarations collected for EO4AGRI. All partners show large records of activities either in Copernicus RTD, governmental functions, or downstream service operations. The Coordinator of EO4AGRI is a major industrial player with proven capacities to lead H2020 projects. The EO4AGRI project methodology is a combination of community building; service gap analysis; technology watch; strategic research agenda design and policy recommendations; dissemination (incl. organization of hackathons).
Kambodscha befindet sich gegenwaertig in einer Phase der Umstrukturierung und Einleitung von Reformen zum Aufbau eines effektiven Management- und Verwaltungssystems seiner Naturressourcen. Die Forstwirtschaft nimmt eine zentrale Stellung ein, wobei das Studium, die Bewertung und die Weiterentwicklung der Kausalitaet und der Strategien von Forstpolitik-Forstorganisation-Forstverwaltung-Forstpraxis unter Beachtung des Fortschritts in laendlichen Regionen im Vordergrund stehen. Die wissenschaftliche Analyse soll mit ihren Ergebnissen beitragen, diese notwendigen gesellschaftlichen Prozesse zu unterstuetzen.
Zu den Strategien einer marktorientierten staatlichen Umweltpolitik gehoeren u.a. die Lenkungssteuern. Dabei konzentriert sich die Diskussion neuerdings nicht mehr bloss auf spezifische Lenkungsabgaben im Sinne einer Ergaenzung des heute vorherrschenden Systems aus Geboten, Verboten und Auflagen, sondern auf einen Umbau des fiskalischen Steuersystems aus oekologischen Erwaegungen. Die Realisierung einer auch im Dienste der umweltpolitischen Ziele wirkenden Steuerordnung setzt die Beantwortung ganz zentraler juristischer Fragen voraus. Dabei ist insbesondere daran zu denken, dass den heute in der Schweiz und andern westeuropaeischen Laendern geltender Steuerordnungen Prinzipien zugrunde liegen, die mit einer schwerpunktmaessig an oekologischer Sachgerechtigkeit orientierten Steuerordnung in einem gewissen Spannungsverhaeltnis stehen. Als Beispiele zu nennen waeren etwa die heute kaum in Frage gestellten und z.T. als Verfassungsgrundsaetze anerkannten Prinzipien der Allgemeinheit der Steuern, der Steuererhebung nach der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfaehigkeit und der Ergiebigkeit einerseits und die Verursacherbesteuerung andrerseits. Eine weitere Eigenheit der geltenden Systeme bildet die Vielzahl der Steuerarten und, in Bundesstaaten wie in der Schweiz, die Mehrzahl de Steuerhoheitstraeger. Man bedenke etwa, dass die Haupteinnahmen der Kantone aus den allgemeinen kantonalen Einkommens- und Vermoegenssteuern stammen. Ausserdem faellt auf, dass der Steuergesetzgeber selbst und ein Teil der Steuerrechtslehre der Nutzbarmachung des Steuerrechts, jedenfalls der Einkommenssteuern, zur Erreichung ausserfiskalischer Ziele im allgemeinen und umweltpolitischer Ziele im besonderen eher abwartend bis skeptisch gegenuebersteht (vgl. z.B. Botschaft zu den Bundesgesetzen ueber die Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern der Kantone und Gemeinden sowie ueber die direkte Bundessteuer, BBl 1983 III l ff., 44 ff.; Ferdinand Zuppinger/Peter Boeckli/Peter Locher/ Markus Reich, Steuerharmonisierung, Bern 1984, 4 ff.). Es sollte daher aus juristischer Perspektive, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit andern Disziplinen, insbesondere mit den Oekonomen, untersucht werden, welchen rechtlichen Anforderungen eine oekologische Ausrichtung des Steuersystems zu genuegen haette. Sodann waere fuer konkrete Vorschlaege (Varianten) der rechtlich einzuschlagende Weg auf den verschiedenen Stufen der Rechtsordnung (Verfassungsaenderungen, Gesetzesaenderungen, etc.) im Rahmen der unterschiedlichen Steuerhoheiten darstellen. Auf diese Weise entstuenden variantenbezogene, kommentierte Vorschlaege fuer Verfassungs- und Gesetzesaenderungen. Die Arbeit sollte sich im Hinblick auf die Varianten nicht auf die Schweiz beschraenken, sondern die europaeische Ebene einbeziehen und moeglichst die Erfahrungen beruecksichtigen, die in den USA mit marktwirtschaftlichen Instrumenten gemacht wurden bzw. werden.
There is a clear need to quantify the knock-on effects of bioenergy schemes in rural depressed areas. Bioenergy schemes represent opportunities for European agriculture to diversify into new markets that will create new and additional employment in rural communities. This will also aid in increasing farming incomes and will act as a lever for other investment and contribute to the development of associated commercial and industrial activities. For instance, transport infrastructure and specialist machinery manufacturers will benefit from increased business. This will in turn create additional spending in the community and further add to the knock-on effects. The objective of this proposal is to develop a quantitative model to analyse the socioeconomic impacts of bioenergy deployment through rural diversification and to measure the distribution of benefits and costs of policy packages, particularly the CAP. The BIOSEM model - Biomass Socio-Economic Multiplier Model, will be a facilitator for the organisation and analysis of already existing data so that the employment and income benefits from bioenergy development and deployment in rural areas can be measured. The model will simulate the interaction between agricultural crops, biomass production, energy production and other sectors of the economy. The main aim of this proposal is the development of the BIOSEM model. This will allow: - the estimation of the direct and indirect knock-on effects on employment, income, local services and government revenue created by various phases of the deployment of bioenergy schemes in the participating European countries; - the identification of depressed rural areas that would benefit from bioenergy deployment; - recommendations for CAP policy reform to assist and promote rural diversification through bioenergy schemes. BIOSEM will assist policy makers to site energy crop production and processing plants and to identify where to target investment so as to get the highest production response or optimal income distribution effects in all the participating European countries. BIOSEM will help policy makers identify recommendations for rural policy and CAP reform and assist rural diversification through bioenergy deployment based on the results of BIOSEM model simulations.
This report analyses the taxation of energy use in 41 countries, covering 80% of global energy use. It appears at a juncture when many countries struggle to sustain orreconnect with economic growth and face formidable fiscal consolidation challenges. At the same time, concerns over the very highhuman costs of air pollution are mounting and the urgency of acting to limit greenhouse gases isnow abundantly clear.Energy use is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions and of air pollution. It also is acritical input into production and consumption in modern economies. If deployed effectively, taxes onenergy use are a powerful tool to balance the benefits and costs of energy use. Energy use taxes canalso play a useful role in fiscal consolidation. What this report tells us, however, is that with currentpolicies energy taxes fail to live up to their potential.Taxes on energy use influence the price and use of energy. Ideally, end-user energy prices wouldreflect their environmental impacts to ensure that resources are used most productively and that thenegative side-effects of energy use are contained. Taxes can help to achieve this, while also providingincentives to seek alternative, cleaner technologies.To employ energy taxes more effectively, it is necessary to understand the signals they providein respect of energy use. This report systematically analyses the structure and level of energy taxesacross 41 countries: the OECD countries and seven selected partner economies (Argentina, Brazil,China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Effective tax rates, expressed per unit of carbonand per unit of energy, are situated within the energy market structures and other pricing policies ineach country, allowing the price signals they send to be better understood.Our analysis highlights vastly different levels of energy use and taxation among these41 countries, but also some common patterns. Transport energy is typically taxed at higher ratesthan other forms of energy use whereas fuels for heating and process use or electricity generationare more likely to be untaxed or taxed at lower rates. Fuels used for similar purposes are often taxeddifferently, with low rates applying to some of the fuels most harmful for human health and theenvironment. Tax rates on coal are particularly low.The picture is not, however, entirely bleak. The awareness about the need to curb negative sideeffectsof energy use is rising on governments political agendas, with many, including the selectedpartner economies, reconsidering price signals and taxes on harmful forms of energy use andinvesting in renewable sources of energy. This report can serve as a reference for policy makers andanalysts to identify reform options to ensure that energy taxes are best adapted to their economic,social and environmental goals - that is, to develop better tax policies for better lives.
The proposed research project aims at identifying the major driving forces of rural poverty and distributional change in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the analysis will involve case studies for Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda, where micro and local as well as macro determinants of household incomes will be considered. While each case study will reveal interesting results in its own right, the objective is to draw general lessons, i.e. together the case studies should form more than the sum of the parts. The existing literature on the determinants of rural poverty and distributional change can broadly be divided into studies which analyse rural household behaviour in response to changes at the household and local level, and studies which try to establish a link between distributional outcomes and specific macroeconomic shocks or policies. Taken together, these two strands of the literature cover most of the factors that may affect rural households, but the literature appears to be incomplete in several respects. Studies belonging to the first strand tend to focus on specific aspects of rural income generation, thereby failing to account for the interactions between the micro determinants of household income and to trace micro changes back to changes at the macro level. The approaches employed in the second strand of the literature either lack a specification of transmission channels or suffer from being too stylised and not well informed by micro data. With the proposed project we intend to contribute to closing these gaps. In doing so, we will first identify the most relevant micro, local and macro determinants of household incomes and review the available evidence on their distributional impact in the three countries under consideration. This descriptive assessment serves to derive testable hypotheses regarding the drivers of distributional change. We will then specify a comprehensive model of rural income generation that accounts for the major constraints at the micro level, and a macro model that captures the transmission of shocks and policies to the household level. Finally, and most importantly, we will link the two models in a macro-micro simulation analysis in order to quantify the impact of the main country-specific external shocks and policy reforms on poverty and income distribution. By revealing the relative strength of the various factors determining household incomes, the simulation analysis will also provide information that can be used to derive priority areas for rural development policy.
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