Research in 'silviculture' and 'forest economics' very often takes place largely independent from each other. While silviculture predominantly focuses on ecological aspects, forest eco-nomics is sometimes very theoretic. The applied bioeconomic models often lack biological realism. Investigating mixed forests this proposal tries to improve bioeconomic modelling and optimisation under uncertainty. The hypothesis is tested whether or not bioeconomic model-ling of interacting tree species and risk integration would implicitly lead to close-to-nature forestry. In a first part, economic consequences of interdependent tree species mixed at the stand level are modelled. This part is based on published literature, an improved model of timber quality and existing data on salvage harvests. A model of survival over age is then to be developed for mixed stands. A second section then builds upon data generated in part one and concentrates on the simultaneous optimisation of species proportions and harvest-ing ages. It starts with a mean-variance optimisation as a reference solution. The obtained results are compared with data from alternative approaches as stochastic dominance, down-side risk and information-gap robustness.
Per- und Polyfluoralkylsubstanzen (PFAS) sind eine komplexe Gruppe von künstlich hergestellten Chemikalien mit einzigartigen wasser- und ölabweisenden Eigenschaften. Sie werden seit Jahrzehnten für die Herstellung zahlreicher Verbraucherprodukte verwendet, z. B. für antihaftbeschichtete Kochgeschirre, atmungsaktive Textilien oder Lebensmittelverpackungen. Die Aufnahme über Lebensmittel und Trinkwasser ist der Hauptexpositionsweg des Menschen. Aufgrund der beobachteten Assoziationen zwischen der Konzentration von PFAS im Blut und den Blutfettwerten (besonders LDL-Cholesterin) wird vermutet, dass PFAS eine Rolle für das Risiko von Herz-Kreislauf- Erkrankungen spielen könnten. Auch der Zusammenhang mit dem Risiko von Typ 2 Diabetes wird diskutiert. Der Bekanntheitsgrad von PFAS in der Öffentlichkeit und ihre Untersuchung in wissenschaftlichen Studien hat erst in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Aus diesem Grund gibt es bis heute nur sehr wenige Studien, die den Zusammenhang zwischen PFAS und der Inzidenz von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und Typ 2 Diabetes untersucht haben. Daher hat diese Studie zum Ziel, die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Baseline-Konzentrationen von PFOS/PFOA und anderen perfluorierten Verbindungen im Blut und dem Risiko für Entstehung eines Herzinfarkts, Schlaganfalls und / oder einer Herzinsuffizienz und Typ 2 Diabetes während der Nachbeobachtung in einer Fall-Kohortenstudie der European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Studie zu untersuchen. Zudem sollen Assoziationen im Querschnitt zwischen Konzentrationen von PFOS, PFOA und anderen perfluorierten Verbindungen im Blut und Biomarkern des Lipidmetablismus (Gesamtcholesterin, LDL-Cholesterin, HDL-Cholesterin, Triglyceride), des Glucosemetabolismus (Glucose und HbA1c), des Leberstoffwechsels (GGT, GPT), der Harnsäure und des hsCRP in der repräsentativen Subkohorte untersucht werden. Zudem sollen auch die Zusammenhänge zwischen PFAS und bestimmten Lebensmitteln oder Lebensmittelgruppen (z.B. Fleisch, Fisch) zu untersuchen werden.
Various species of pest insects cause substantial damage to agriculture every year, or transmit deadly diseases to animals and humans. A successful strategy to control pest insect populations is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which uses the release of mass-reared, radiation sterilized male insects to cause infertile matings and thus reduce the pest population level. However, irradiation is not applicable to every insect species. Thus, new strategies based on genetic modifications of pest insects have been developed or are currently under investigation.The goal of the proposed research is to improve the development and ecological safety of genetically engineered (GE) insects created for enhanced biological control programs, including the SIT and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for GE insect release programs is transgene stability, and maintenance of their consistent expression. Transgene loss or intra-genomic movement could result in loss of strain attributes, and may ultimately lead to interspecies movement resulting in ecological risks. To address potential transgene instability, a new transposon vector that allows post-integration immobilization will be tested in the Mediterranean, Mexican and Oriental fruit fly tephritid pest species. In addition, the system will be established in the mosquito species Aedes and Anopheles - carriers of dengue and malaria.Random genomic insertion is also problematic for GE strain development due to genomic position effects that suppress transgene expression, and insertional mutations that negatively affect host fitness and viability. Diminished transgene expression could result in the unintended survival of conditional lethal individuals, or the inability to identify them. To target transgene vectors to defined genomic insertion sites having minimal negative effects on gene expression and host fitness, a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy will be developed that. RMCE will also allow for stabilization of the target site, will be tested in tephritid and mosquito species, and will aid to the development of stabilized target-site strains for conditional lethal biocontrol. This will include a molecular and organismal evaluation of an RNAi-based lethality approach. Lethality based on an RNAi mechanism in the proposed insects would increase the species specificity and having multiple targets for lethality versus one target in existing systems. By seeking to improve transgene expressivity and stabilization of transposon-based vector systems, this proposal specifically addresses issues related to new GE insects by reducing their unintended spread after field release, and by limiting the possibilities for transgene introgression.
Background: Ghanas transition forests, neighbouring savannahs and timber plantations in the Ashanti region face a constant degradation due to the increased occurrence of fires. In most cases the fires are deliberately set by rural people for hunting purposes. Main target is a cane rat, here called grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus), whose bushmeat is highly esteemed throughout the country. The animal is a wild herbivorous rodent of subhumid areas in Africa south of the Sahara. The grasscutter meat is an important source of animal protein. Existing high-value timber plantations (mainly Teak, Tectona grandis) are affected by fires for hunting purposes. Thus resulting in growth reduction, loss of biomass or even complete destruction of the forest stands. It became obvious that solutions had to be sought for the reduction of the fire risk. Objectives: Since 2004 the Institute for World Forestry of the Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Hamburg, Germany is cooperating with a Ghanaian timber plantation company (DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd.) the German Foundation for Forest Conservation in Africa (Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika) and the Center for International Migration with the purpose to improve the livelihood of the rural population in the surroundings of the forest plantation sites and simultaneously to safeguard and improve the timber plantations. The introduction of grasscutter rearing systems to local farmers accompanied by permanent agricultural and agroforestry practices appeared to be a promising approach for the prevention of fires in the susceptible areas. Additionally a functioning grasscutter breeding system could contribute to the improvement of food security, development of income sources and the alleviation of poverty. The following measures are implemented: - Identification of farmers interested in grasscutter captive breeding, - Implementation of training courses for farmers on grasscutter rearing, - Delivery of breeding animals, - Supervision of rearing conditions by project staff, - Development of a local extension service for monitoring activities, - Evaluation of structures for grasscutter meat marketing. Results: After identification of key persons for animal rearing training courses were successfully passed and animals were delivered subsequently. Further investigations will evaluate the effects of the grasscutter rearing in the project region. This will be assessed through the - Acceptance of grasscutter rearing by farmers, - Success of the animal caging, - Reproduction rate, - Meat quality, - Marketing success of meat, - Reduction of fire in the vicinity of the timber plantations, - Improvement of peoples livelihood.
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