Gegenstand sind die verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlagen staatlicher Aktivitaeten zum Schutze der Umwelt. Ausgehend von einer detaillierten Kommentierung des Verfassungsartikels ueber den Schutz von Leben und koerperlicher Unversehrtheit (Art. 2 Abs. 2 Satz 1 GG) werden die Vorgaben fuer die Schaffung und Interpretation von Vorschriften mit umweltschuetzender Zielrichtung erarbeitet. Eine besondere Rolle spielt das Verhaeltnis zu den Grundrechten der 'Umweltverschmutzer' und zu anderen umweltschutzrelevanten Verfassungsbestimmungen, vor allem zu dem neuen Art. 20a GG.
Ziel der Forschungsarbeit ist die Klassifizierung von Boden-Biozönosen in ausgewählten Feldrainen. In drei Naturräumen (Lössböden der Jülicher Börde, Muschelkalkböden in Mainfranken und pleistozäne Sande bei Leipzig) werden typische Lebensgemeinschaften von Collembola und Gamasina (Taxozönosen) beschrieben. Der wesentliche Unterschied zu anderen Klassifikations-Ansätzen liegt in der induktiven Vorgehensweise: Biozönosen werden allein aufgrund der Artenzusammensetzung an den Standorten typisiert. Vegetationskundliche Kriterien dienen als entscheidendes Hilfsmittel zur Vorauswahl von Flächen mit ähnlichen Standortbedingungen. Hierbei wird gleichzeitig die aufgenommene Vegetation als ein weiteres Taxon der zu beschreibenden Biozönose angesehen. Die typische Artenzusammensetzung ist das integrierte Ergebnis aller denkbaren ökologischen Vorgänge. Ein Ziel der Arbeit ist somit die prospektive Formulierung von Erwartungswerten für Collembolen und Raubmilben auf der Basis vegetationskundlicher Daten. Es sollte daher möglich sein, dieses Mehrarten-System mit hoher Sensibilität zur Bioindikation von Standortveränderungen einzusetzen. Die Kenntnis der Artenstruktur wiederkehrender Lebensgemeinschaften kann der funktionellen Ökosystemforschung hilfreiche Hinweise bieten.
Scope: Land is a finite resource and the way it is used is one of the principal drivers of environmental change. Increasing land take affects fertile agricultural land, puts biodiversity at risk, increases the risk of flooding and water scarcity and contributes to both the causes and effects of global warming. Moreover, the effects of land take differ depending on the value, quality and functionality of the land. The main objective of this service on sustainable land-use is to build on existing key relevant studies and projects and suggest measures on how sustainable land use can be promoted and how land-take, soil sealing and urban sprawl can be avoided, reduced and compensated in Europe, its cities and regions. The starting hypothesis is that a sustainable use of land would entail that compact and denser urban development would lead to less need for transport, less energy use and more open spaces enhancing the quality of life thus generating benefits and requiring less costs. Policy questions: - What does the current European land use look like? Which cities and regions in Europe show the biggest challenges in terms of sustainable land use, land take and urban sprawl? Which regions and cities showed positive developments on this respect? What factors are responsible for the main changes over the past 28 years and which measures already implemented seem to play a role? - What are the costs and benefits (economic, social, ecological and territorial effects) of 1) unconstrained land-take (as appeared during the last 10 years) and 2) limiting land-take towards no net land take by 2050. How are these effects linked to the value or quality of land taken? For instance, urban heat, particulate matter, health, climate change, land value, ecosystem services, recreation, total area, etc. - Which (spatial) strategies, instruments and mechanisms (financial, fiscal and economic) could be used, at national, regional and local level, to limit and contain urban sprawl, to contribute to the EU-wide objective for no net land-take by 2050 and its national targets, to promote sustainable land use and leading towards a more balanced territorial development, maintaining green and open spaces in urban areas and transcending administrative and governmental borders? How can the private sector and public-private collaboration play a role? And how can we benefit economically from measures to avoid further land take? - What determines the success of policy interventions and measures aimed at reducing land take and containing urban sprawl? - How does territorial cohesion policy and specific sectoral policies, such as on air-quality or the European Single Market, influence urban sprawl and land-take? And what recommendations towards European Cohesion Policy and sectoral policies could be made so that they discourage further land-take and urban sprawl?
Das Forschungsprojekt ENTRACTE bewertet das klimapolitische Portfolio der EU. Während das Europäische Emissionshandelssystem (EU ETS) eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Förderung des Übergangs in eine kohlenstoffarme Wirtschaft spielt, kann eine wesentliche Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen erst erreicht werden, wenn das EU-ETS verbessert und durch ergänzende Maßnahmen unterstützt wird. Ein sorgfältig durchdachtes politisches Konzept muss weitere bestehende Marktverzerrungen neben Klimaexternalität, suboptimalen Ergebnisse bei internationalen Abkommen, der Notwendigkeit einer gesicherten Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Reduzierung von Verlagerungseffekten ( carbon leakage ) sowie die Koexistenz und die Interaktion mit einigen anderen politischen Zielen berücksichtigen. ENTRACTE untersucht das EU ETS und ergänzende Politikinstrumente Energieeffizienzstandards, Förderung erneuerbarer Energien, Besteuerung von CO2-Emissionen, Innovationspolitik und handelspolitische Maßnahmen. ENTRACTE erarbeitet ein tieferes Verständnis der Interaktion von klimapolitischen Instrumenten und anderen damit verbundenen Politikmaßnahmen. Die reale Welt und ihre Unvollkommenheiten werden ebenso wie praktische Barrieren (Informationsasymmetrie, Unsicherheit, politische und gesetzliche Auflagen, verhaltensökonomische Aspekte) bei der Umsetzung umfassend berücksichtigt.ENTRACTE integriert empirische Erkenntnisse aus Ex-post-Evaluierungen unter Anwendung eines breiten Spektrums an empirischen Daten sowie Ex-ante-Analysen mit Simulationsmodellen und experimentellen Ansätzen mit theoretischen Erkenntnissen, um den Policy-Mix zu optimieren. Durch die projektweite Harmonisierung der Hypothesen und Szenarien im gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Politikumfeld, kann ENTRACTE einen integrierten Ansatz anwenden und schafft damit eine Synthese von Forschungsergebnissen, die Stärken und Schwächen der verschiedenen Instrumenten-Mixe zum Vorschein bringt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen kann ENTRACTE politischen Entscheidungsträgern praktisch anwendbare Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung eines ökologisch wirksamen, ökonomisch effizienten und politisch und gesetzlich durchführbaren Policy-Mix geben, um die mittelfristigen und langfristigen Reduktionsziele für Treibhausgasemissionen in Europa zu erreichen.
Objective: Europe needs to transform itself to a low-carbon economy by mid-century. The existing instrument mix needs to be scaled up drastically to initiate the changes needed across the economy. As the scale and scope of instruments increases, their interaction becomes more important, as do constraints on the political, legal and administrative feasibility. To evaluate their efficiency and effectiveness, instruments cannot be viewed in isolation; understanding and managing their interaction becomes key. The CECILIA2050 project analyses the performance of existing climate policy instruments and their interaction, and maps pathways for the evolution of the instrument mix in Europe. It describes ways to improve the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of the instrument mix, and to address constraints that limit their performance or feasibility. These include public acceptance, availability of finance and the physical infrastructure, but also the administrative and legal framework. The first, backward-looking part of the project takes stock of the existing instrument mix in the EU and its Member States, and assesses their coherence and past performance. It describes which factors determine their efficiency and effectiveness, and measures their effects on equity, innovation and competitiveness. The second, forward-looking part maps pathways towards a more ambitious policy mix for 2030 and 2050, starting from the current EU climate policy. With economic instruments at the heart of the mix, it describes and models how the instrumentation could evolve, based on scenarios of the magnitude of change required for the low-carbon transformation. To this end, it combines the state of the art modelling tools with qualitative and participatory methods. To complement the EU-level analysis, the effects of EU climate policies are quantified at the global level. To ensure policy relevance and mobilise practitioners knowledge, the project engages with stakeholders in different way.
Objective: CARBOCHANGE will provide the best possible process-based quantification of net ocean carbon uptake under changing climate conditions using past and present ocean carbon cycle changes for a better prediction of future ocean carbon uptake. We will improve the quantitative understanding of key biogeochemical and physical processes through a combination of observations and models. We will upscale new process understanding to large-scale integrative feedbacks of the ocean carbon cycle to climate change and rising carbon dioxide concentrations. We will quantify the vulnerability of the ocean carbon sources and sinks in a probabilistic sense using cutting edge coupled Earth system models under a spectrum of emission scenarios including climate stabilisation scenarios as required for the 5th IPCC assessment report. The drivers for the vulnerabilities will be identified. The most actual observations of the changing ocean carbon sink will be systematically integrated with the newest ocean carbon models, a coupled land-ocean model, an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, and fully fledged Earth system models through a spectrum of data assimilation methods as well as advanced performance assessment tools. Results will be optimal process descriptions and most realistic error margins for future ocean carbon uptake quantifications with models under the presently available observational evidence. The project will deliver calibrated future evolutions of ocean pH and carbonate saturation as required by the research community on ocean acidification in the EU project EPOCA and further projects in this field. The time history of atmosphere-ocean carbon fluxes past, present, and future will be synthesised globally as well as regionally for the transcontinental RECCAP project. Observations and model results will merge into GEOSS/GEO through links with the European coordination action COCOS and will prepare the marine branch of the European Research Infrastructure ICOS.
Objective: CytoThreat addresses the need to assess the risks of pharmaceuticals released in the environment, focusing on cytostatic drugs because they are highly hazardous compounds due to their genotoxic properties which may cause unexpected long term effects. Their release in the environment may lead to systemic ecological effects and increased cancer incidence, reduced fertility and malformations in the offspring in humans. The occurrence, distribution and fate of selected widely used cytostatics in different aquatic matrices, their acute and chronic toxicity and impact on the stability of the genetic material in a variety of aquatic organisms representing different trophic levels is addressed to provide data sets necessary for scientifically based risk assessment. Special emphasis is put on the combined effects of environmentally relevant mixtures. A combination of state-of-the art analytical chemistry, in vivo and in vitro systems, and OMICS technologies is applied. In vivo studies with zebrafish models aim at identifying linkages between the genomic profiles, exposure conditions and adverse effects in vertebrates to identify molecular biomarkers for adverse effects of specific groups of cytostatics to be used as diagnostic markers and for predicting synergistic effects of combined exposures. Comparative in vitro genotoxicity and transcriptomic studies with zebrafish and human derived cells will provide additional information for the extrapolation of toxicological data to humans. Comparisons with the hazardous effects of other groups of pharmaceuticals will provide knowledge on the magnitude of the problem. CytoThreat will generate new knowledge on environmental and health risks of cytostatics and provide objective arguments for recommendations and regulations. Partners form 5 member states and 2 associated countries with complementary expertise in analytical chemistry, aquatic and genetic toxicology, and genomics and bioinformatics are involved.
Objective: SUSREF will develop new sustainable technologies for refurbishment of external walls. SUSREF is based on the premise that: - Refurbishment of external walls is one of the most efficient ways of reducing environmental impacts from European building stock - European building sector is facing huge refurbishment requirements; refurbishment of external walls is among the most urgent tasks - Although there are technological solutions, the risks and optimal solutions are not understood - External walls have an extensive effect on building performance and several aspects have to be taken into account when developing new concepts: a) effect on energy consumption, b) building physical behaviour and durability, c) good integration with building structure, details and building services, d) effect on indoor environment, e) aesthetics - Urgent needs of refurbishment are not only faced in the EU but also in neighbouring areas. Development of functional and environmentally efficient technologies would support the European industry to export projects and the neighbouring areas to adopt sustainable technologies. SUSREF will: - identify the foreseen needs to refurbish building envelops in the EU in order to understand the significance in terms of environmental and economic impacts and business potentials - develop systemized methods to manage the functional performance of solutions. Analyse technologies from the view point of building physics, comfort and durability. Consider different challenges in different parts of Europe in terms of present climate and foreseen risks of its changes, technological and cultural-historic issues - develop systemized methods for consideration of energy and environmental performance of external walls - develop sustainable product and project concepts - disseminate results for building industry, standardisation bodies, and policy-makers and authorities in terms of technological knowledge, guidelines and recommendations.
Objective: PROMIT is the European Coordination Action (CA) for inter-modal freight transport initiating, facilitating and supporting the coordination and cooperation of national and European initiatives, projects, promotion centres, technology providers, research institutes and user groups related to this most complex transport form. The strategic PROMIT objective is to contribute to a faster improvement and implementation of inter-modal transport technologies and procedures and to help promoting inter-modal transport and mode shift by creating awareness on innovations, best practices and inter-modal transport opportunities for potential users as well as for politicians and for the research community. Due to the immense size of the inter-modality domain PROMIT has chosen a matrix organisation, where the domain expertise is treated in five parallel clusters: (1) Organisation and business models, (2) Inter-modal infrastructure and equipment, (3) Information and Communication Technologies, (4) Operation and services.
Die Teilaufgabe der Kohlenstoffmodellierung im Verbundprojekt DENDROM umfasst a) die Entwicklung/Anpassung von Simulationsmodellen zur Abbildung des C-Haushalts in forstlichen Kurzumtriebsplantagen, b) die Modellparametrisierung anhand von Daten von Versuchsstandorten (Schnellwuchsplantage), c) die Simulation des C-Haushaltes von Schnellwuchsplantagen, d) Regionenenbezogene Aussagen/Übertragbarkeit mit Fokus auf Grenzertragsflächen Die übergeordnete Zielstellung des DENDROM-Verbundprojektes ist eine systemische und frühzeitige ökologische und ökonomische Analyse und Bewertung der Bereitstellung von Dendromasse (holzartiger Biomasse) durch Wald und Feldgehölze für energetische (Strom, Wärme) und stoffliche (Biokraftstoffe) Nutzungsformen.
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