Gegenstand sind die verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlagen staatlicher Aktivitaeten zum Schutze der Umwelt. Ausgehend von einer detaillierten Kommentierung des Verfassungsartikels ueber den Schutz von Leben und koerperlicher Unversehrtheit (Art. 2 Abs. 2 Satz 1 GG) werden die Vorgaben fuer die Schaffung und Interpretation von Vorschriften mit umweltschuetzender Zielrichtung erarbeitet. Eine besondere Rolle spielt das Verhaeltnis zu den Grundrechten der 'Umweltverschmutzer' und zu anderen umweltschutzrelevanten Verfassungsbestimmungen, vor allem zu dem neuen Art. 20a GG.
Ziel der Forschungsarbeit ist die Klassifizierung von Boden-Biozönosen in ausgewählten Feldrainen. In drei Naturräumen (Lössböden der Jülicher Börde, Muschelkalkböden in Mainfranken und pleistozäne Sande bei Leipzig) werden typische Lebensgemeinschaften von Collembola und Gamasina (Taxozönosen) beschrieben. Der wesentliche Unterschied zu anderen Klassifikations-Ansätzen liegt in der induktiven Vorgehensweise: Biozönosen werden allein aufgrund der Artenzusammensetzung an den Standorten typisiert. Vegetationskundliche Kriterien dienen als entscheidendes Hilfsmittel zur Vorauswahl von Flächen mit ähnlichen Standortbedingungen. Hierbei wird gleichzeitig die aufgenommene Vegetation als ein weiteres Taxon der zu beschreibenden Biozönose angesehen. Die typische Artenzusammensetzung ist das integrierte Ergebnis aller denkbaren ökologischen Vorgänge. Ein Ziel der Arbeit ist somit die prospektive Formulierung von Erwartungswerten für Collembolen und Raubmilben auf der Basis vegetationskundlicher Daten. Es sollte daher möglich sein, dieses Mehrarten-System mit hoher Sensibilität zur Bioindikation von Standortveränderungen einzusetzen. Die Kenntnis der Artenstruktur wiederkehrender Lebensgemeinschaften kann der funktionellen Ökosystemforschung hilfreiche Hinweise bieten.
Scope: Land is a finite resource and the way it is used is one of the principal drivers of environmental change. Increasing land take affects fertile agricultural land, puts biodiversity at risk, increases the risk of flooding and water scarcity and contributes to both the causes and effects of global warming. Moreover, the effects of land take differ depending on the value, quality and functionality of the land. The main objective of this service on sustainable land-use is to build on existing key relevant studies and projects and suggest measures on how sustainable land use can be promoted and how land-take, soil sealing and urban sprawl can be avoided, reduced and compensated in Europe, its cities and regions. The starting hypothesis is that a sustainable use of land would entail that compact and denser urban development would lead to less need for transport, less energy use and more open spaces enhancing the quality of life thus generating benefits and requiring less costs. Policy questions: - What does the current European land use look like? Which cities and regions in Europe show the biggest challenges in terms of sustainable land use, land take and urban sprawl? Which regions and cities showed positive developments on this respect? What factors are responsible for the main changes over the past 28 years and which measures already implemented seem to play a role? - What are the costs and benefits (economic, social, ecological and territorial effects) of 1) unconstrained land-take (as appeared during the last 10 years) and 2) limiting land-take towards no net land take by 2050. How are these effects linked to the value or quality of land taken? For instance, urban heat, particulate matter, health, climate change, land value, ecosystem services, recreation, total area, etc. - Which (spatial) strategies, instruments and mechanisms (financial, fiscal and economic) could be used, at national, regional and local level, to limit and contain urban sprawl, to contribute to the EU-wide objective for no net land-take by 2050 and its national targets, to promote sustainable land use and leading towards a more balanced territorial development, maintaining green and open spaces in urban areas and transcending administrative and governmental borders? How can the private sector and public-private collaboration play a role? And how can we benefit economically from measures to avoid further land take? - What determines the success of policy interventions and measures aimed at reducing land take and containing urban sprawl? - How does territorial cohesion policy and specific sectoral policies, such as on air-quality or the European Single Market, influence urban sprawl and land-take? And what recommendations towards European Cohesion Policy and sectoral policies could be made so that they discourage further land-take and urban sprawl?
Objective: BioEcoSIM comprises R&D and demonstration of an integrated approach and business model that has wide EU27 applicability in the agriculture sector. The new European Bio-economy Strategy aims to increase the use of bio-based raw materials. Thus, large quantities of fertilisers will be required. Therefore, this project targets to produce sustainable soil improving products that can be easily handled, transported, and applied. BioEcoSIM will valorise livestock manure as an important example of valuable bio-waste into 1) pathogen-free, P-rich organic soil amendment (P-rich biochar), 2) slow releasing mineral fertilisers and 3) reclaimed water. By doing this, we will i) reduce negative environmental impacts (eutrophication of water bodies, and NH3 and N2O emissions) in intensive livestock regions, ii) help to decrease NH3 produced by the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, (iii) mitigate EUs dependency on the depleting mineral sources for P-fertilisers, (iv) increase water efficiency use in agriculture and (v) support European Strategies and Directives, while generating economic benefits in the agriculture and bio-economy sector. The project will combine three innovative technologies 1) superheated steam drying and non-catalytic pyrolysis to convert carbon in manure into P-rich biochar and syngas, 2) electrolytic precipitation of struvite and calcium phosphate and 3) selective separation and recovery of NH3 by gas-permeable membrane. Energy required in-process will be generated through combustion of syngas, thus reducing the pressure on finite fossil fuel. Water reclaimed from manure will be utilised for livestock production and/or irrigation. The sustainability of this approach will be validated against standards ISO14040 and ISO14044. Implementation of the R&D results will help fulfil the need for economically viable and environmentally benign practices in European agriculture to move towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy.
Objective: POLICYMIX aims to contribute to achieving the EUs goals of reversing trends in biodiversity loss beyond 2010 through the use of cost-effective and incentive-compatible economic instruments. POLICYMIX focuses on the role of economic instruments in a mix of operational conservation policy instruments. To this end, POLICYMIX will develop an integrated evaluation framework that considers multiple policy assessment criteria biodiversity and ecosystem service provision indicators; valuation of their economic benefit and policy implementation costs; social and distributional impacts; and legal and institutional constraints at different levels of government. This multi-level approach is of paramount importance for effective biodiversity conservation policy given the overlap between ecological systems and systems of governance in practice. In particular, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness and benefits of a range of economic instruments vis-á-vis direct regulation through command-and-control in a variety of European and Latin American case studies. The suite of selected POLICYMIX case studies aims to provide complementary examples of innovative economic instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and ecological fiscal transfers, and assess the possibilities for transfer of policy success stories, providing concrete learning possibilities for policy-makers. POLICYMIX actively uses advisory boards including land-users, local managers and national policy-makers, who collaborate with our researchers in the feasibility assessments of economic instruments. Based on this science-policy dialogue, POLICYMIX will develop a stepwise framework for carrying out policy assessment using available data, multi-criteria spatial targeting tools and tiered policy selection matrices. The POLICYMIX approach to policy design at multiple government levels is highly complementary with on-going EU ecological research on multi-scale conservation prioritization.
Objective: AdvanceETV aims to demonstrate that the proposed schemes and protocols for Environmental Technologies Verification systems have the potential to be recognised internationally. Thus the main objective is to develop an international framework for cooperation and mutual recognition by supporting the cooperation of international ETV activities, e.g the International Working Group (IWG). This requires support by joint coordination activities: - Providing a European basis for mutual recognition - Coordinating requirements for co-verification and joint verification - Developing a framework for international harmonization. The European basis will be elaborated through integrating previous and on-going European RTD. This is done by bringing together protocols/verification reports out of the FP6 projects, consolidating stakeholder feedback of RTD and EC activities and by integrating experiences out of the CEN workshop agreement (CWA) elaboration and use. To raise awareness on gaps and overlaps of international cooperation a case study workshop on co- and joint verification will be initiated together with U.S. and Canadian partners. To foster recognition by harmonisation a standardisation framework will be identified to prepare the initiation of a standardisation procedure. Cross cutting issue workshops ensure feedback and exchange between these different areas. To bring forward mutual recognition, to support cooperation by co-/joint verification and harmonisation requires a strong link to international ETV activities and the IWG on ETV. A confirmed expert board with ETV system representatives from Canada, U.S., South Korea, Japan and others provides the direct link here. This concept supports the working structure of the CA: focused on a series of conferences, coordinated with international ETV activities, serving as a platform for incremental consolidation of the international framework.
Objective: The multidisciplinary DIGISOIL consortium intends to integrate and improve in situ and proximal measurement technologies for the assessment of soil properties assessment and soil degradation indicators, going from the sensing technologies to their integration and their application in (digital) soil mapping (DSM). In addition, our SMEs experience will allow to take into account the feasibility of such developments based on economical constraints, reliability of the results and needs of the DSM community. In order to assess and prevent soil degradation and to benefit from the different ecological, economical and historical functions of the soil in a sustainable way, there is an obvious need for high resolution and accurate maps of soil properties. The core objective of the project is to explore and exploit new capabilities of advanced geophysical technologies for answering this societal demand. To this aim, DIGISOIL addresses four issues covering technological, soil science and economic aspects: (i) the validation of geophysical (in situ, proximal and airborne) technologies and integrated pedo-geophysical inversion techniques (mechanistic data fusion) (ii) the relation between the geophysical parameters and the soil properties, (iii) the integration of the derived soil properties for mapping soil functions and soil threats, (iv) the evaluation, standardisation and sub-industrialization of the proposed methodologies, including technical and economical studies.
Objective: The Act2 project builds on the previous experience of Hannover and Malmö and seeks to support development in Nantes, analyse the drivers for success in partner cities, implement major developments in target communities taking significant steps to establish best practice experience as standard commercial practice. The Act2 communities will demonstrate technical and process solutions for large-scale RUE and RES integration in new-build and refurbishment, in housing and tertiary buildings providing a benchmark for the Cities of Tomorrow.
Objective: The ECOWAMA Project proposes a new eco-efficient closed cycle management model for the treatment of effluents of the metal and plastic surface processing industry (STM). Such STM waste water is extensively contaminated with oils and greases, organic loading, a salt fraction and especially with heavy metals (e.g. nickel, copper, zinc and others). Hence STM enterprises have high interest on efficient, cost-effective and sustainable treatment of their effluents. ECOWAMAs approach combines wastewater treatment with recovery of ultrapure water, highly valuable metals and energy. Therefore an environmental friendly, effective and innovative system will be developed including Electrocoagulation, Electrooxidation and Electrowinning technologies. Additionally hydrogen produced during Electrocoagulation/Electrooxidation processes will be used to deal as feed for fuel cells to generate electricity which reduces the energy demand of the whole process. Pre- and post-treatment will be carried out to remove oils/greases and conductivity. The heavy metals will be separated from the waste water stream through an electro-precipitation process. After metal dissolution from precipitation sludge a novel electrowinning process using novel electrodes, optimised geometry and process management will reduce the dissolved metal ions to a solid aggregate state with high purity. The outcome of this is a valuable raw material that can be easily sold or reused for STM operations. Due to the extremely high level of prices for metals at the global market ECOWAMAs participants and post-project clients will have strong economic benefits beside the positive environmental impacts of the process.
Das Forschungsprojekt ENTRACTE bewertet das klimapolitische Portfolio der EU. Während das Europäische Emissionshandelssystem (EU ETS) eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Förderung des Übergangs in eine kohlenstoffarme Wirtschaft spielt, kann eine wesentliche Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen erst erreicht werden, wenn das EU-ETS verbessert und durch ergänzende Maßnahmen unterstützt wird. Ein sorgfältig durchdachtes politisches Konzept muss weitere bestehende Marktverzerrungen neben Klimaexternalität, suboptimalen Ergebnisse bei internationalen Abkommen, der Notwendigkeit einer gesicherten Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Reduzierung von Verlagerungseffekten ( carbon leakage ) sowie die Koexistenz und die Interaktion mit einigen anderen politischen Zielen berücksichtigen. ENTRACTE untersucht das EU ETS und ergänzende Politikinstrumente Energieeffizienzstandards, Förderung erneuerbarer Energien, Besteuerung von CO2-Emissionen, Innovationspolitik und handelspolitische Maßnahmen. ENTRACTE erarbeitet ein tieferes Verständnis der Interaktion von klimapolitischen Instrumenten und anderen damit verbundenen Politikmaßnahmen. Die reale Welt und ihre Unvollkommenheiten werden ebenso wie praktische Barrieren (Informationsasymmetrie, Unsicherheit, politische und gesetzliche Auflagen, verhaltensökonomische Aspekte) bei der Umsetzung umfassend berücksichtigt.ENTRACTE integriert empirische Erkenntnisse aus Ex-post-Evaluierungen unter Anwendung eines breiten Spektrums an empirischen Daten sowie Ex-ante-Analysen mit Simulationsmodellen und experimentellen Ansätzen mit theoretischen Erkenntnissen, um den Policy-Mix zu optimieren. Durch die projektweite Harmonisierung der Hypothesen und Szenarien im gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Politikumfeld, kann ENTRACTE einen integrierten Ansatz anwenden und schafft damit eine Synthese von Forschungsergebnissen, die Stärken und Schwächen der verschiedenen Instrumenten-Mixe zum Vorschein bringt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen kann ENTRACTE politischen Entscheidungsträgern praktisch anwendbare Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung eines ökologisch wirksamen, ökonomisch effizienten und politisch und gesetzlich durchführbaren Policy-Mix geben, um die mittelfristigen und langfristigen Reduktionsziele für Treibhausgasemissionen in Europa zu erreichen.
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