Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation
Die Natrium D-Linien stellen eine der wichtigsten Emissionen des terrestrischen Nightglow-Spektrums dar. Die Na-Emission wurde 1929 durch Vesto Slipher erstmals beschrieben. Sydney Chapman schlug im Jahre 1939 einen Anregungsmechanismus für die Na-D Emission vor, der durch die Reaktion von Na und Ozon initiiert wird. Obwohl die Na-D Nightglow-Emission seit über 80 Jahren Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen ist, ist das Verständnis ihres Anregungsmechanismus noch immer unvollständig. Neuere Studien identifizierten zeitliche Variationen des D2/D1-Linienverhältnisses, das nicht mit dem ursprünglichen Chapman-Mechanismus vereinbar ist. Ein modifizierter Chapman-Mechanismus wurde 2005 durch Slanger et al. vorgeschlagen, der explizit zwischen den verschiedenen elektronischen Anregungszuständen des beteiligen NaO-Moleküls differenziert. Dieser Mechanismus wurde mit Boden-gestützten Messungen des D2/D1-Linienverhältnisses getestet, aber die vertikale Variation des Linienverhältnisses - ein kritischer Test des modifizierten Chapman-Mechanismus - wurde bisher nicht durchgeführt.Das Hauptziel der hier vorgeschlagenen Untersuchungen besteht darin, das wissenschaftliche Verständnis des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus mit Hilfe Satelliten-gestützter Messungen zu testen und eine Methode zur Ableitung von Na Profilen in der Mesopausenregion aus Messungen der Na-D Nightglow-Emission zu konsolidieren. Hierzu sollen Messungen der Instrumente OSIRIS auf dem Odin Satelliten, sowie SCIAMACHY auf Envisat verwendet werden. Die Synergie der beiden Datensätze ermöglicht auf einzigartige Weise die Untersuchung des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus. Konkret sollen die Satellitenmessungen für folgende Zwecke verwendet werden: 1) Die OSIRIS Messungen, die ein sehr hohes Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis besitzen, sollen verwendet werden um das Verzweigungsverhältnis f für die Produktion von Na(2P) über die Reaktion von NaO und O - entsprechend dem ursprünglichen oder effektiven Chapman-Mechanismus - empirisch zu bestimmen. Hierzu werden unabhängige Na-Profilmessungen mit Boden-gestützten LIDARs und anderen verfügbaren Na Datensätzen eingesetzt. 2) Die SCIAMACHY Nightglow Limb-Messungen erlauben die spektrale Trennung der beiden Na D-Linien und sollen eingesetzt werden, um die vertikale Variation des D2/D1-Verhältnisses in der realen Atmosphäre abzuleiten. Die SCIAMACHY Messungen sind hierfür auf einzigartige Weise geeignet. Die hier vorgeschlagenen Ansätze ermöglichen wichtige und neue Beiträge, um das wissenschaftliche Verständnis des Na-D Nightglow-Anregungsmechanismus zu verbessern. Darüber hinaus tragen die erwarteten Ergebnisse dazu bei, die Methode zur Ableitung von Na-Profilen in der Mesopausenregion aus Messungen der Na-D Nightglow-Emission zu konsolidieren. Letzteres wird erreicht durch die Bereitstellung eines optimalen Verzweigungsverhältnisses f (sowie dessen Unsicherheit) des ursprünglichen Chapman-Anregungsmechanismus.
Early generation plant breeding trials are often laid out according to unreplicated designs. Replicated checks may be used for error control, for example in augmented designs based on an incomplete block design for checks which are augmented with unreplicated entries. Traditional augmented designs require considerable resources to be spent on genotypes that are not themselves of interest. Therefore, it has been suggested to replace checks with partially replicated entries, leading to so-called prep designs. In the present proposal we suggest combining both ideas to develop what we call augmented prep designs. A non-trivial design problem arises when trials are to be performed at multiple locations. The main challenge then is how to augment the blocks so as to balance the number of pairwise concurrences. This task can be tackled in different ways based on the use (-arrays which are well-known as the basis for (-designs in fully replicated experiments. Furthermore, we also explore the refinement of designs when analysis by spatial models is envisioned. Robustness of the designs to the presence of genotype-environment interaction is also investigated.
This subproject aims at the development of spectral electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as a non-destructive tool for the imaging, characterization and monitoring of root structure and function in the subsoil at the field scale. The approach takes advantage of the capacitive properties of the soil-root interface associated with induced electrical polarization processes at the root membrane. These give rise to a characteristic electrical signature (impedance spectrum), which is measurable in an imaging framework using EIT. In the first project phase, the methodology is developed by means of controlled rhizotron experiments in the laboratory. The goal is to establish quantitative relationships between characteristics of the measured impedance spectra and parameters describing root system morphology, root growth and activity in dependence on root type, soil type and structure (with/without biopores), as well as ambient conditions. Parallel to this work, sophisticated EIT inversion algorithms, which take the natural characteristics of root system architecture into account when solving the inherent inverse problem, will be developed and tested in numerical experiments. Thus the project will provide an understanding of electrical impedance spectra in terms of root structure and function, as well as specifically adapted EIT inversion algorithms for the imaging and monitoring of root dynamics. The method will be applied at the field scale (central field trial in Klein-Altendorf), where non-destructive tools for the imaging and monitoring of subsoil root dynamics are strongly desired, but at present still lacking.
Das Arbeitsvorhaben befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Moeglichkeiten das Strafrecht fuer die Erhaltung einer menschenwuerdigen Umwelt bieten kann. Anlass dafuer ist die staendig wachsende Zahl von Umweltverstoessen, die der Erhaltung bzw. Wiederherstellung einer menschenfreundlichen Umwelt zunehmende Bedeutung geben.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown worldwide and is one of the most important crops for human nutrition. Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum) is a diploid relative of bread wheat and both have the A genome in common. The timing of flowering is of major importance for plants to optimally adjust their life cycle to diverse environments. QTL mapping studies indicated that flowering time in cereals is a complex trait, which is controlled by three different pathways: vernalization, photoperiod and earliness per se. In wheat, high-resolution genome-wide association mapping is now possible, because of the availability of a high density molecular marker chip. The main goal of the proposed project is to investigate the regulation of flowering time in wheat using a genome-wide association mapping approach based on a novel high-density SNP array. In particular, the project aims to (1) investigate the phenotypic variation of flowering time of bread wheat and Einkorn wheat in response to environmental cues in multilocation field trials, (2) study the effects of Ppd alleles on flowering time in a candidate 3 gene approach, (3) determine the genetic architecture of flowering time in a high-density genome-wide association mapping, and (4) investigate the plasticity of the genetic architecture of flowering time in wheat by a comparison between bread wheat and Einkorn wheat.
In der Funktion des Projektleiters Heine als Sachverstaendiger beim Europarat bei der Erarbeitung einer Konvention zum europaeischen Umweltstrafrecht wurde die Anregung europaeischer Institutionen aufgegriffen, die europaeischen Rechtsetzungsaktivitaeten auf dem Gebiete des strafrechtlichen Umweltschutzes wissenschaftlich zu begleiten. Es geht um die Auslotung von Moeglichkeiten der europaeischen Strafrechtsangleichung, und zwar nicht nur bei einzelnen Deliktsformen, wie z B Abfalltourismus oder grenzueberschreitender Umweltkriminalitaet, sondern auch bei Fragen nach den allgemeinen Voraussetzungen strafrechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit.
Perennial fodder cropping potentially increases subsoil biopore density by formation of extensive root systems and temporary soil rest. We will quantify root length density, earthworm abundance and biopore size classes after Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Festuca arundinacea grown for 1, 2 and 3 years respectively in the applied research unit's Central Field Trial (CeFiT) which is established and maintained by our working group. Shoot parameters including transpiration, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence will frequently be recorded. Precrop effects on oilseed rape and cereals will be quantified with regard to crop yield, nutrient transfer and H2-release. The soil associated with biopores (i.e. the driloshpere) is generally rich in nutrients as compared to the bulk soil and is therefore supposed to be a potential hot spot for nutrient acquisition. However, contact areas between roots and the pore wall have been reported to be low. It is still unclear to which extent the nutrients present in the drilosphere are used and which potential relevance subsoil biopores may have for the nutrient supply of crops. We will use a flexible videoscope to determine the root-soil contact in biopores. Nitrogen input into the drilosphere by earthworms and potential re-uptake of nitrogen from the drilosphere by subsequent crops with different rooting systems (oilseed rape vs. cereals) will be quantified using 15N as a tracer.
Die Untersuchung soll der rechtstatsaechlichen Umsetzung des Umweltstrafrechts, wie es durch das 18. StRAeG formuliert und in Kraft gesetzt wurde, nachgehen. Dabei soll festgestellt werden, inwieweit das neue Umweltstraftrecht Auswirkungen auf den Organisationsrahmen der Strafverfolgung hatte und letzterer wiederum einer effizienteren Umsetzung der normativen Ansprueche zugute kommt. Ferner soll ermittelt werden, inwieweit das Strafrecht tatsaechlich und nach der Vorstellung der normanwendenden Instanzen als Mittel oder auch nur im Kontext regulativer (Umwelt-)Politik tauglich ist.
The proposal addresses the potential of subsoil to contribute to K nutrition of crops. More specifically we will address the processes controlling release of K from interlayer of 2:1 clay minerals as this is expected to be the dominant K fraction in the subsoil. While it has been shown in the past that this so called 'non-exchangeable' K can be released due to root activity, there are controversial results concerning the role of soil solution K concentration in the rhizosphere required to trigger the process. Likewise little information is available about the concentration dynamics of other cations (NH4, Ca) in the rhizosphere and their impact on K release and vermiculitization supposed to be associated with this process. Model studies with substrate from the central field trial will be conducted in compartment systems equipped with micro suction cups. The measurement of dynamic changes of soil solution composition with increasing distance from the root surface will be combined with investigations of changes in mineralogy by XRD, TEM and SEM-EDX. Changes of mineralogy as a result of plant induced K release from interlayer will also be studied on bulk soil and rhizosphere samples collected within the central field and the central microcosm experiment and with mineral bags exposed in the field during a cropping cycle. Finally, X-ray CT will be used to access changes in soil texture, i.e. clay distribution around roots and the temporal spread of roots in biopores which is a prerequisite for K uptake from such structures.
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