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The benthic foraminiferal community in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat of the southwestern Baltic Sea

It is expected that the calcification of foraminifera will be negatively affected by the ongoing acidification of the oceans. Compared to the open oceans, these organisms are subjected to much more adverse carbonate system conditions in coastal and estuarine environments such as the southwestern Baltic Sea, where benthic foraminifera are abundant. This study documents the seasonal changes of carbonate chemistry and the ensuing response of the foraminiferal community with bi-monthly resolution in Flensburg Fjord. In comparison to the surface pCO2, which is close to equilibrium with the atmosphere, we observed large seasonal fluctuations of pCO2 in the bottom and sediment pore waters. The sediment pore water pCO2 was constantly high during the entire year ranging from 1244 to 3324 µatm. Nevertheless, in contrast to the bottom water, sediment pore water was slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite as a consequence of higher alkalinity (AT) for most of the year. Foraminiferal assemblages were dominated by two calcareous species, Ammonia aomoriensis and Elphidium incertum, and the agglutinated Ammotium cassis. The one-year cycle was characterised by seasonal community shifts. Our results revealed that there is no dynamic response of foraminiferal population density and diversity to elevated sediment pore water pCO2. Surprisingly, the fluctuations of sediment pore water undersaturation (Omega calc) co-vary with the population densities of living Ammonia aomoriensis. Further, we observed that most of the tests of living calcifying foraminifera were intact. Only Ammonia aomorienis showed dissolution and recalcification structures on the tests, especially at undersaturated conditions. Therefore, the benthic community is subjected to high pCO2 and tolerates elevated levels as long as sediment pore water remains supersaturated. Model calculations inferred that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations will finally lead to a perennial undersaturation in sediment pore waters. Whereas benthic foraminifera indeed may cope with a high sediment pore water pCO2, the steady undersaturation of sediment pore waters would likely cause a significant higher mortality of the dominating Ammonia aomoriensis. This shift may eventually lead to changes in the benthic foraminiferal communities in Flensburg Fjord, as well as in other regions experiencing naturally undersaturated Omega calc levels.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and physiology of Baltic blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)

Increased maintenance costs at cellular, and consequently organism level, are thought to be involved in shaping the sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, knowledge of the capacity of marine calcifiers to undergo metabolic adaptation is sparse. In Kiel Fjord, blue mussels thrive despite periodically high seawater PCO2, making this population interesting for studying metabolic adaptation under OA. Consequently, we conducted a multi-generation experiment and compared physiological responses of F1 mussels from 'tolerant' and 'sensitive' families exposed to OA for 1 year. Family classifications were based on larval survival; tolerant families settled at all PCO2 levels (700, 1120, 2400 µatm) while sensitive families did not settle at the highest PCO2 (>=99.8% mortality). We found similar filtration rates between family types at the control and intermediate PCO2 level. However, at 2400 µatm, filtration and metabolic scope of gill tissue decreased in tolerant families, indicating functional limitations at the tissue level. Routine metabolic rates (RMR) and summed tissue respiration (gill and outer mantle tissue) of tolerant families were increased at intermediate PCO2, indicating elevated cellular homeostatic costs in various tissues. By contrast, OA did not affect tissue and routine metabolism of sensitive families. However, tolerant mussels were characterised by lower RMR at control PCO2 than sensitive families, which had variable RMR. This might provide the energetic scope to cover increased energetic demands under OA, highlighting the importance of analysing intra-population variability. The mechanisms shaping such difference in RMR and scope, and thus species' adaptation potential, remain to be identified.

Response of benthic foraminifera to ocean acidification in their natural sediment environment: a long-term culturing experiment

Calcifying foraminifera are expected to be endangered by ocean acidification; however, the response of a complete community kept in natural sediment and over multiple generations under controlled laboratory conditions has not been constrained to date. During 6 months of incubation, foraminiferal assemblages were kept and treated in natural sediment with pCO2-enriched seawater of 430, 907, 1865 and 3247 µatm pCO2. The fauna was dominated by Ammonia aomoriensis and Elphidium species, whereas agglutinated species were rare. After 6 months of incubation, pore water alkalinity was much higher in comparison to the overlying seawater. Consequently, the saturation state of Omega calc was much higher in the sediment than in the water column in nearly all pCO2 treatments and remained close to saturation. As a result, the life cycle (population density, growth and reproduction) of living assemblages varied markedly during the experimental period, but was largely unaffected by the pCO2 treatments applied. According to the size-frequency distribution, we conclude that foraminifera start reproduction at a diameter of 250 µm. Mortality of living Ammonia aomoriensis was unaffected, whereas size of large and dead tests decreased with elevated pCO2 from 285 µm (pCO2 from 430 to 1865 µatm) to 258 µm (pCO2 3247 µatm). The total organic content of living Ammonia aomoriensis has been determined to be 4.3% of CaCO3 weight. Living individuals had a calcium carbonate production rate of 0.47 g/m**2/a, whereas dead empty tests accumulated a rate of 0.27 g /m**2/a. Although Omega calc was close to 1, approximately 30% of the empty tests of Ammonia aomoriensis showed dissolution features at high pCO2 of 3247 µatm during the last 2 months of incubation. In contrast, tests of the subdominant species, Elphidium incertum, stayed intact. Our results emphasize that the sensitivity to ocean acidification of the endobenthic foraminifera Ammonia aomoriensis in their natural sediment habitat is much lower compared to the experimental response of specimens isolated from the sediment.

Anwendung Künstlicher Intelligenz für die Kausalanalyse der Vitalität und Herleitung zukünftiger Anpassungsstrategien von Wirtschaftswäldern, Teilvorhaben 1: KI-basierte Kausalanalysen zur Identifikation von komplexen Wirkzusammenhängen aus heterogenen, forst- und klimabezogenen Datenquellen

Verdrängen Flaumeichen die Waldföhren im Wallis?

Im Wallis weisen die Waldföhren seit Jahrzehnten eine erhöhte Sterberate auf. Dafür wächst vermehrt die Flaumeiche. Die Ursachen des Waldföhrensterbens und Baumartenwechsels im Wallis sind komplex. Im Rahmen des WSL-Forschungsprogrammes Walddynamik haben wir diese Ursachen analysiert und weitgehend entschlüsselt. Der für das Walliser Rhonetal und seine Seitentäler charakteristische Waldföhrengürtel erstreckt sich vom Talboden auf etwa 450 m bis gegen 1500 m ü.M., in einzelnen Gebieten bis an die Waldgrenze. Das Areal der Föhrenwälder umfasst etwa 12000 ha, was 11 Prozent der Waldfläche ausmacht. Sie schützen vor Lawinen, Steinschlag und Erosion, sind Erholungsraum für die Bevölkerung, stellen ein wichtiges Landschaftselement dar und sind Lebensraum für einzigartige Pflanzen und Tiere. Schon seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wiesen die Föhrenbestände im Wallis wiederholt hohe Absterberaten auf. In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren wurden auffällige Nadelnekrosen an Waldföhren (Pinus sylvestris) mit Fluor-Immissionen aus nahe gelegenen Aluminiumwerken in Zusammenhang gebracht. Durch den Einbau von leistungsfähigen Filteranlagen in den Aluminiumwerken anfangs der 1980er Jahre wurde der Schadstoffausstoss drastisch reduziert, worauf die Schadmerkmale verschwanden. Obwohl der ursächliche Zusammenhang mit den Fluorimmissionen offensichtlich war, wurde schon damals auf weitere Stressfaktoren wie z. B. die Trockenheit hingewiesen. Zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre nahmen die Absterberaten erneut drastisch zu. Auf Anfrage der lokalen Forstdienste begutachtete der Phytosanitäre Beobachtungs- und Meldedienst (PBMD) wiederholt betroffene Waldgebiete und wies stets auf die starke Belastung durch verschiedene Schadinsekten und Krankheiten hin. Mancherorts traten andere Baumarten wie die Flaumeiche (Quercus pubescens) oder die Mehlbeere (Sorbus aria) an die Stelle der absterbenden Waldföhren. An anderen Orten waren aber keine Ersatzbaumarten zur Stelle um die Waldfunktionen zu übernehmen. Diese gebietsweise recht dramatische Entwicklung veranlasste die Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL, gemeinsam mit der Dienststelle für Wald und Landschaft des Kantons Wallis ein umfassendes, interdisziplinäres Forschungsprojekt zu starten. Man wollte verstehen, weshalb die Föhren grossflächig absterben. Ziel war es auch, Handlungsoptionen bzw. geeignete Bewirtschaftungsmassnahmen zu formulieren. Das Föhrensterben kann nicht durch einzelne Faktoren erklärt werden. Vielmehr ist das Zusammenspiel verschiedener Einflüsse entscheidend. In einer Synthese fassen wir die gewonnen Erkenntnisse zusammen und machen Vorschläge zur Waldbewirtschaftung.

Complex study and physical mapping of genes in hexaploid wheat, responsible for embryo development of wheat-rye hybrids via interaction with rye genome

One of the reproductive barriers that can isolate species is embryo lethality which is due to disfunctional interaction between parental genomes. Embryo lethality obtained in crosses of hexaploid wheat with diploid rye is the result of complement interaction between the two genes/alleles Eml-A1 and Eml-R1b from wheat and rye, respectively. In addition, the 1D wheat chromosome carries unknown genetic factor(s) which have strong effect on the viability of wheat-rye hybrid seeds. The goals of the project are: (I) physical mapping and studying dosage effect of Eml-A1 gene (II) development of a method for overcoming embryo lethality in wheat-rye hybrids and (III) physical mapping and cytological study of chromosome 1D wheat gene(s) essential for seed development in wheat rye hybrids. The development of a method of regeneration in callus culture from abnormal immature embryos with lethal genotype by indirect organogenesis will enable us to study the interaction and expression of incompatible wheat Eml-A1 and rye Eml-R1b alleles causing embryo lethality. New information about genes, involved in apical meristem development in early stages of embryogenesis of wheat-rye hybrids (and of other plants) will be gained.

Bewertung der physiologischen Plastizität und genetischen Variabilität der Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) an ihrer westlichen Verbreitungsgrenze unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels, Teilvorhaben 4: Bewertung der genetischen Variabilität der Kiefer auf der Grundlage von neutralen Genmarkern

Deperissement du hetre: Etude des modifications intervenant au niveau des tissus externes de la tige (FRA)

Etude des tissus externes de la tige de hetres en fonction de l'age et de l'etat sanitaire de l'arbre. Caracterisation de l'etat sanitaire de chaque arbre a l'aide de plusieurs techniques . Observation au microscope de la structure des tissus et des cellules, mesure de differents parametres de taille, comparaison et analyse statistique. Cette etude fait partie des recherches sur le deperissement forestier. Elle a pour but d'etudier un aspect de la physiologie des arbres deperissants. (FRA)

Breeding and Rearing of Ornamental Organisms under Controlled Conditions

A multi-biomarker approach using caged blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, on three World War shipwrecks in the North Sea

This dataset contains results from a field-based exposure study assessing the biological effects of submerged munitions on the marine bivalve Mytilus spp.. Mussels were collected from Sylt Island (North Sea) and exposed at three historic munition wrecks: SMS Mainz (Germany), KW58 Hendericus (Belgium), and UC30 (Denmark). At each site, mussel cages were deployed directly on or near the wreck structures for several weeks. After recovery, mussels were assessed for mortality and dissected for histochemical and biochemical analyses. Tissues (gills, mantle, and digestive gland) were examined for histological biomarkers including lipofuscin, glycogen, neutral lipids, as well as sex and gonadal maturity. Enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured spectrophotometrically and normalized to protein content.

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