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CoralRepro

Emmy Noether-Nachwuchsgruppen, Development and risk assessment of transgenic environmentally-friendly insect pest control methods for fruit flies and mosquitoes

Various species of pest insects cause substantial damage to agriculture every year, or transmit deadly diseases to animals and humans. A successful strategy to control pest insect populations is based on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which uses the release of mass-reared, radiation sterilized male insects to cause infertile matings and thus reduce the pest population level. However, irradiation is not applicable to every insect species. Thus, new strategies based on genetic modifications of pest insects have been developed or are currently under investigation.The goal of the proposed research is to improve the development and ecological safety of genetically engineered (GE) insects created for enhanced biological control programs, including the SIT and new strategies based on conditional lethality. A major concern for GE insect release programs is transgene stability, and maintenance of their consistent expression. Transgene loss or intra-genomic movement could result in loss of strain attributes, and may ultimately lead to interspecies movement resulting in ecological risks. To address potential transgene instability, a new transposon vector that allows post-integration immobilization will be tested in the Mediterranean, Mexican and Oriental fruit fly tephritid pest species. In addition, the system will be established in the mosquito species Aedes and Anopheles - carriers of dengue and malaria.Random genomic insertion is also problematic for GE strain development due to genomic position effects that suppress transgene expression, and insertional mutations that negatively affect host fitness and viability. Diminished transgene expression could result in the unintended survival of conditional lethal individuals, or the inability to identify them. To target transgene vectors to defined genomic insertion sites having minimal negative effects on gene expression and host fitness, a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy will be developed that. RMCE will also allow for stabilization of the target site, will be tested in tephritid and mosquito species, and will aid to the development of stabilized target-site strains for conditional lethal biocontrol. This will include a molecular and organismal evaluation of an RNAi-based lethality approach. Lethality based on an RNAi mechanism in the proposed insects would increase the species specificity and having multiple targets for lethality versus one target in existing systems. By seeking to improve transgene expressivity and stabilization of transposon-based vector systems, this proposal specifically addresses issues related to new GE insects by reducing their unintended spread after field release, and by limiting the possibilities for transgene introgression.

Verdrängen Flaumeichen die Waldföhren im Wallis?

Im Wallis weisen die Waldföhren seit Jahrzehnten eine erhöhte Sterberate auf. Dafür wächst vermehrt die Flaumeiche. Die Ursachen des Waldföhrensterbens und Baumartenwechsels im Wallis sind komplex. Im Rahmen des WSL-Forschungsprogrammes Walddynamik haben wir diese Ursachen analysiert und weitgehend entschlüsselt. Der für das Walliser Rhonetal und seine Seitentäler charakteristische Waldföhrengürtel erstreckt sich vom Talboden auf etwa 450 m bis gegen 1500 m ü.M., in einzelnen Gebieten bis an die Waldgrenze. Das Areal der Föhrenwälder umfasst etwa 12000 ha, was 11 Prozent der Waldfläche ausmacht. Sie schützen vor Lawinen, Steinschlag und Erosion, sind Erholungsraum für die Bevölkerung, stellen ein wichtiges Landschaftselement dar und sind Lebensraum für einzigartige Pflanzen und Tiere. Schon seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wiesen die Föhrenbestände im Wallis wiederholt hohe Absterberaten auf. In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren wurden auffällige Nadelnekrosen an Waldföhren (Pinus sylvestris) mit Fluor-Immissionen aus nahe gelegenen Aluminiumwerken in Zusammenhang gebracht. Durch den Einbau von leistungsfähigen Filteranlagen in den Aluminiumwerken anfangs der 1980er Jahre wurde der Schadstoffausstoss drastisch reduziert, worauf die Schadmerkmale verschwanden. Obwohl der ursächliche Zusammenhang mit den Fluorimmissionen offensichtlich war, wurde schon damals auf weitere Stressfaktoren wie z. B. die Trockenheit hingewiesen. Zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre nahmen die Absterberaten erneut drastisch zu. Auf Anfrage der lokalen Forstdienste begutachtete der Phytosanitäre Beobachtungs- und Meldedienst (PBMD) wiederholt betroffene Waldgebiete und wies stets auf die starke Belastung durch verschiedene Schadinsekten und Krankheiten hin. Mancherorts traten andere Baumarten wie die Flaumeiche (Quercus pubescens) oder die Mehlbeere (Sorbus aria) an die Stelle der absterbenden Waldföhren. An anderen Orten waren aber keine Ersatzbaumarten zur Stelle um die Waldfunktionen zu übernehmen. Diese gebietsweise recht dramatische Entwicklung veranlasste die Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL, gemeinsam mit der Dienststelle für Wald und Landschaft des Kantons Wallis ein umfassendes, interdisziplinäres Forschungsprojekt zu starten. Man wollte verstehen, weshalb die Föhren grossflächig absterben. Ziel war es auch, Handlungsoptionen bzw. geeignete Bewirtschaftungsmassnahmen zu formulieren. Das Föhrensterben kann nicht durch einzelne Faktoren erklärt werden. Vielmehr ist das Zusammenspiel verschiedener Einflüsse entscheidend. In einer Synthese fassen wir die gewonnen Erkenntnisse zusammen und machen Vorschläge zur Waldbewirtschaftung.

Establishment of Teak plantations for high-value timber production in Ghana

Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation

Breeding and Rearing of Ornamental Organisms under Controlled Conditions

Wegbereiter Wiederbewaldung: Regionales Flächenmanagement zur Entwicklung multifunktionaler Wälder auf gestörten Fichtenflächen, Teilprojekt 6

A multi-biomarker approach using caged blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, on three World War shipwrecks in the North Sea

This dataset contains results from a field-based exposure study assessing the biological effects of submerged munitions on the marine bivalve Mytilus spp.. Mussels were collected from Sylt Island (North Sea) and exposed at three historic munition wrecks: SMS Mainz (Germany), KW58 Hendericus (Belgium), and UC30 (Denmark). At each site, mussel cages were deployed directly on or near the wreck structures for several weeks. After recovery, mussels were assessed for mortality and dissected for histochemical and biochemical analyses. Tissues (gills, mantle, and digestive gland) were examined for histological biomarkers including lipofuscin, glycogen, neutral lipids, as well as sex and gonadal maturity. Enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were measured spectrophotometrically and normalized to protein content.

Data on the effect of temperature and trace metal exposure on early life stages of European flat oysters and Pacific oysters

Data collection of concentration dependent abnormal larval development of Crassostrea gigas during 24 h at 24°C and 48 h at 18°C for the trace metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Data were collected via microscopic observation. Data collection of concentration dependent mortality within a 24 h period at 18°C and 24°C for the D- larvae stage of Ostrea edulis and C. gigas for Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Data were collected via microscopic observation. All data were collected from February to April 2024 at IFREMER Bouin (La plateforme mollusques marins de Bouin) in France. Data includes the measured environmental concentrations (MEC) of the summer Cu concentration in the German Bight from 1986 to 2021 (MUDAB database, https://geoportal.bafg.de/MUDABAnwendung/), including sampling points coordinates, year of sampling and Cu concentration. Additionally the Hazard quotient (HQ) is provided by dividing the MEC with the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC), defined as EC10 estimates from C. gigas embryos exposed for 48 h at 18°C and LC10 estimates from C. gigas larvae exposed for 24 h at 24°C, divided by an assessment factor (AF) of 5.

Photosymbiosis in planktonic foraminifera across the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Under stress, corals and foraminifera may eject algal symbionts ('bleach'), which can increase mortality. How bleaching relates to species viability over warming events is of great interest given current global warming. We use size-specific isotope analyses and abundance counts to examine photosymbiosis and population dynamics of planktonic foraminifera across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma), the most severe Cenozoic global warming event. We find that, unlike modern bleaching-induced mass mortality, populations of photosymbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifera increased in relative abundance during the PETM. Multigenerational adaptive responses including flexibility in photosymbiont associations and excursion taxa evolution may have allowed some photosymbiotic foraminifera to thrive. This dataset contains new records of size-specific stable isotope compositions and relative abundance changes in three clades of planktonic foraminifera from three ocean drilling sites (ODP Site 1209, DSDP Site 401, and ODP Site 690). We also include relevant published datasets used in the corresponding paper. Published high-resolution (~1-10 kyr) bulk isotope records provide a robust framework and inform us on the overall shape and timing of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), whereas published multispecies planktic and benthic foraminifera provide a range of "expected" values for a given foraminifera size. We intentionally limited our compilation to high-resolution records that provide 1) a generic and/or specific-specific determination (i.e. we generally exclude "bulk" foraminifera isotope data, unless part of the original compilation), 2) a defined range of foraminiferal size, although often only defined by a soft limit i.e. "larger/smaller than X µm", 3) a continuous sampling resolution that resolves the shape of the PETM, in turn allowing for a data comparison across all sites and across all defined PETM time bins. All published datasets included in our compilation are well known in the palaeoceanography community. Many of these datasets have often been cited and reused in subsequent research, and persistent copy-errors are not uncommon. We used the original datasets and metadata given in the articles themselves. Original data and metadata is classically represented in tables or in the corresponding "Material and Methods" sections, published as supplementary information, or published in online databases such as Pangaea.de. We designed our compilation in a way that the data for all three sites (DSDP Site 401, ODP sites 690 and 1209) were presented in a uniform way, aiding internal comparisons and allowing further compilation work.

Aquatisches Pestizidmonitoring – das bundesweite Kleingewässer-Monitoring (KgM)

Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) sind weltweit in aquatischen und terrestrischen Ökosystemen nachweisbar – selbst in abgelegenen Regionen ohne landwirtschaftliche Nutzung. Neben direktem Eintrag über Oberflächenabfluss tragen atmosphärische Prozesse wie Windverfrachtung und Deposition zu ihrer weiträumigen Verbreitung bei. Auch in sehr niedrigen, oft unterhalb analytischer Nachweisgrenzen liegenden Konzentrationen können PSM erhebliche ökologische Effekte auslösen, darunter eine verzögerte Erhöhung der Mortalität, negative Wechselwirkungen mit Umweltstressoren und eine daraus resultierende Verschiebung der Artenzusammensetzung. Das bundesweite Kleingewässermonitoring (KgM) 2018/2019 in 101 Tieflandbächen zeigte, dass ereignisgesteuerte Probenahmen während Niederschlägen deutlich höhere Belastungsspitzen erfassen als Standardproben. In landwirtschaftlich geprägten Einzugsgebieten dominierten Wirkstoffe wie Neonicotinoide, Fipronil und Carbamate die Toxizität. Regulatorisch akzeptable Konzentrationen (RAK) wurden in bis zu 81 % der Gewässer in landwirtschaftlich geprägten Einzugsgebieten überschritten – teils auch in Schutzgebieten. Die Stärke der PSM-Belastung war eng assoziiert mit dem Rückgang insektizidvulnerabler Arten, gemessen mit dem SPEARpesticides-Indikator. Der für Freilandpopulationen protektive Grenzwert (feldbasierte akzeptable Konzentration [ACfield]) lag meist deutlich unter den behördlichen Grenzwerten. Die Ergebnisse belegen erhebliche Defizite der derzeitigen Risikobewertung und unterstreichen den Bedarf für monitoringbasierte Grenzwerte, effektive Minderungsmaßnahmen (z. B. Gewässerrandstreifen, Biolandbau) sowie ein verstetigtes, pestizidspezifisches Monitoring. Nur so lassen sich ökologische Schäden durch PSM realistisch erfassen und Biodiversitätsverluste wirksam begrenzen.

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