Untersuchung des Einflusses beruflicher Faktoren und des Passivrauchens auf das Lungenkrebsrisko in einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie mit 1004 Faellen und 1004 Kontrollen. Fortfuehrung der statistischen Auswertungen zu dieser 1987-1995 in Bremen durchgefuehrten Studie. Ergebnisse: vielfaeltig, siehe Bericht.
As part of the AIAMO (Artificial Intelligence and Mobility) project funded by the BMDV, a comprehensive environmental monitoring network is currently set up in order to use this for the implementation of environmentally sensitive traffic management. To monitor air quality within the pilot region of Leipzig, air quality sensors from Robert Bosch GmbH (Bosch Air Quality Solutions, Immission Measurement Box, Model IMB 6, F041.B00.003-00) are being installed at various locations within the city. To gain a better understanding of the sensors, a test experiment was set up before they were installed in the city. In this study, the reaction of environmental sensors to following pollutants in the air is analysed under controlled conditions: NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) PM10 (particulate matter 10) PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5) O3 (ozone) CO (carbon monoxide) The experiment was conducted on 12 August 2024 and consisted of five different test phases: Vehicle Exhaust, Cigarette Smoke, Particulate Matter, Pollen and Fossil Fuel Combustion. Each phase included specific pollutant sources, including diesel vehicles, tobacco smoke, particulate matter and simulated rain effects. The collection of real-time sensor data was complemented by controlled environmental variables such as ventilation and artificial dispersion. The results aim to improve sensor calibration, increase the accuracy of pollutant detection and provide insights into real-world environmental monitoring applications.
Ziel der Studie ist die Ermittlung der Expositions-Wirkungs-Beziehung zwischen Innenraumbelastungen an Radon als Lebensexposition und dem Auftreten des Lungenkarzinoms in den Ardennen sowie der Eifel. Die Studie wird von fuenf europaeischen Kooperationspartnern in Grossbritannien, Frankreich, Luxemburg, Belgien und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als 1 : 3-gematchte Fall-Kontroll-Studie durchgefuehrt.
Es werden die Wirkungen von Kohlenmonoxid in Konzentrationen von 150 bis 400 ppm entsprechend COHb-Werten von etwa 5 bis 30 Prozent auf Haemorheologie, Thrombozytenfunktion und Arterienwand beim Miniaturschwein untersucht. Die Miniaturschweine werden pro Tag 4 Stunden exponiert; der Schwerpunkt der Forschungen lag bisher auf der einmaligen Exposition. Zum Vergleich und als Ergaenzung werden Expositionen gegen Raumluft, Zigarettenrauch und Injektionen von Nikotin durchgefuehrt. In Zukunft sollen auch noch Wirkungen einer geringen Hypoxie untersucht werden. An Menschen werden haemorheologische Untersuchungen nach Zigarettenrauchinhalation durchgefuehrt.
Ziel der Studie ist die Ermittlung der Expositions-Wirkungs-Beziehung zwischen Innenraumbelastungen an Radon und dem Auftreten des Lungenkarzinoms unter Beruecksichtigung des Rauchens und beruflicher Karzinogene. Dazu werden im Rahmen einer Fall-Kontroll-Studie in einem Zeitraum von vier Jahren mehr als 3000 Lungenkrebsfaelle und 3000 nach Alter und Geschlecht gematchten Kontrollpersonen in drei Studienregionen (Ostbayern, Saarland/NRW, Thueringen (Sachsen)) auf ihre Exposition befragt und durch Messung mittels Kernspurdosimetern in allen in den letzten 35 Jahren bewohnten Wohnungen ihre Exposition ermittelt.
Bei den Probenahmen mit Netzunabhängigen Probenahmesystemen (NUPS) handelt es sich um ein Messverfahren für die Langzeiterfassung von Ruß auf Sammelfiltern, wobei keine Vorabscheidung von Partikeln erfolgt. Die Vorteile des Messverfahrens sind die geringen Anschaffungs- und Betriebskosten sowie, dass die NUPS batteriebetrieben und somit stromunabhängig sind. Die Probenahmesysteme werden, möglichst an Lichtmasten in etwa 3 m Höhe angebracht. Bei der Probenahme werden die Staub- und Rußpartikel aus der Umgebungsluft auf einem Quarzfilter abgeschieden. Der Wechsel der Quarzfilter erfolgt aller 14 Tage (26 Messwerte pro Messstandort und Jahr). Die Analytik der NUPS-Sammelfilter erfolgt mit einem "Rußfilteranalysator OT21". Das Gerät nutzt für die Messung der Lichtabsorption aufgrund der Aerosolbeladung auf dem Filter zwei Wellenlängen (880 und 370 nm). Die Lichtabsorptionsmessung bei 880 nm Wellenlänge wird als Ruß oder BC interpretiert. Die Messung bei 370 nm Wellenlänge bestimmt die UVPM (UV-Absorbing Particulate Matter), welche als Indikator für aromatische organische Verbindungen (z. B. aus Zigarettenrauch, Holz- und Biomasseverbrennung, etc.) in abgeschiedenen Partikeln und Aerosolen interpretiert werden. zurück
Passive smoking is a preventable and significant cause of many serious health problems, with children being particularly at risk. In the fifth German Environmental Survey (GerES V), conducted from 2014 to 2017, information reflecting the extent of passive smoke exposure in children and adolescents was collected by interview-based questionnaires and human biomonitoring (HBM) analyses of cotinine in urine from 2260 participants, aged 3-17 years. Based on these population-representative data, we describe current passive smoke exposure stratified by different subgroups and identify specific exposure determinants using multivariate logistic regression. The questionnaire data revealed that 42% of children and adolescents lived with at least one smoker in the household. Quantifiable concentrations of cotinine could be detected in 56% of the participants. The overall median concentration of cotinine was 0.2(micro)g/L, with children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status found to be a group particularly affected by passive smoke with higher cotinine concentrations (median=1.2(micro)g/L). In the multiple analysis, the most significant predictor of cotinine levels derived from the questionnaire was passive smoking at home (odds ratio (OR) 13.07 [95CI: 4.65, 36.70]). However, parental smoking and passive smoking among friends and relatives could also be identified as independent factors influencing elevated cotinine levels. The comparison between the previous cycle GerES IV (2003-2006) on 3-14-year-olds and GerES V shows that tobacco smoke exposure of children decreased significantly. This decrease is likely an effect of extensive non-smoker protection laws being enforced 2007-2008 on federal and state level. This is reflected by a halving of urinary cotinine concentrations. Nevertheless, our results indicate that passive smoke is still a relevant source of harmful pollutants for many children and adolescents in Germany, and thus support the need for further efforts to reduce passive smoke exposure, especially in the private environment. © 2022 The Authors.
Starting in 2002, regulations and legislative amendments in Germany focused on the non-smoker protection with several measures to reduce exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). The present work aimed to evaluate the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and SHS exposure and to determine to which extent enforced non-smoking regulations and smoking bans affected the exposure of the non-smoking population in Germany since their implementation in the early 2000s until today. For this purpose, cotinine and selected monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) were analyzed by means of (UP)LC-MS/MS in 510 24-h-urine samples of the Environmental Specimen Bank collected over a time span of 24 years from 1995 to 2019. Median urinary cotinine levels were found to steadily and significantly decline by 82% from 1995 to 2019. A significant decrease of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (19%), 1-OH-pyrene (39%), 1-naphthol (66%), 1-(17%), 2-(25%), and 3-OH-phenanthrene (22%) was also observed throughout the same time span. The decline in urinary levels of cotinine and several OH-PAHs can most likely be attributed to smoking bans and regulations limiting SHS and PAH exposure. This study therefore emphasizes the relevance of human biomonitoring to investigate the exposure of humans to chemicals of concern, assess the effectiveness of regulatory measures, and help policies to enforce provisions to protect public health. © 2022 The Authors
More than 20 years ago, acrylamide was added to the list of potential carcinogens found in many common dietary products and tobacco smoke. Consequently, human biomonitoring studies investigating exposure to acrylamide in the form of adducts in blood and metabolites in urine have been performed to obtain data on the actual burden in different populations of the world and in Europe. Recognizing the related health risk, the European Commission responded with measures to curb the acrylamide content in food products. In 2017, a trans-European human biomonitoring project (HBM4EU) was started with the aim to investigate exposure to several chemicals, including acrylamide. Here we set out to provide a combined analysis of previous and current European acrylamide biomonitoring study results by harmonizing and integrating different data sources, including HBM4EU aligned studies, with the aim to resolve overall and current time trends of acrylamide exposure in Europe. Data from 10 European countries were included in the analysis, comprising more than 5500 individual samples (3214 children and teenagers, 2293 adults). We utilized linear models as well as a non-linear fit and breakpoint analysis to investigate trends in temporal acrylamide exposure as well as descriptive statistics and statistical tests to validate findings. Our results indicate an overall increase in acrylamide exposure between the years 2001 and 2017. Studies with samples collected after 2018 focusing on adults do not indicate increasing exposure but show declining values. Regional differences appear to affect absolute values, but not the overall time-trend of exposure. As benchmark levels for acrylamide content in food have been adopted in Europe in 2018, our results may imply the effects of these measures, but only indicated for adults, as corresponding data are still missing for children. © 2022 by the authors
Acrylamide, a substance potentially carcinogenic in humans, represents a very prevalent contaminant in food and is also contained in tobacco smoke. Occupational exposure to higher concentrations of acrylamide was shown to induce neurotoxicity in humans. To minimize related risks for public health, it is vital to obtain data on the actual level of exposure in differently affected segments of the population. To achieve this aim, acrylamide has been added to the list of substances of concern to be investigated in the HBM4EU project, a European initiative to obtain biomonitoring data for a number of pollutants highly relevant for public health. This report summarizes the results obtained for acrylamide, with a focus on time-trends and recent exposure levels, obtained by HBM4EU as well as by associated studies in a total of seven European countries. Mean biomarker levels were compared by sampling year and time-trends were analyzed using linear regression models and an adequate statistical test. An increasing trend of acrylamide biomarker concentrations was found in children for the years 2014-2017, while in adults an overall increase in exposure was found to be not significant for the time period of observation (2000-2021). For smokers, represented by two studies and sampling for, over a total three years, no clear tendency was observed. In conclusion, samples from European countries indicate that average acrylamide exposure still exceeds suggested benchmark levels and may be of specific concern in children. More research is required to confirm trends of declining values observed in most recent years. © 2022 by the authors
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