This report explores the introduction of carbon taxes with a national offset component and their interactions with other policy areas, and makes recommendations on this topic. In this task, the study focuses on the approaches Chile, Mexico and South Africa have chosen for elaborating their carbon taxes. The study identifies the objectives the three countries pursue by introducing these new systems as well as the requirements they establish for the use of offsets. Furthermore, it analyses the interaction between the use of offsets and other policy areas, in particular on co-benefits, co-costs and long-term emissions mitigation trajectories. Veröffentlicht in Climate Change | 18/2017.
Vorwärtstrajektorien der regionalen Kaltluftströmungssysteme. Die Daten sind Teil der landesweiten Planungshinweiskarte und zeigen gemeinsam mit den regionalen Kaltluftströmungssystemen die Bedeutung der überregionalen Betrachtung von Kaltluft. Die Trajektorien beschreiben den Pfad bestimmter kühler Luftpakete im Laufe der modellierten Nacht vom Entstehungsort bis hin zum Siedlungsraum.
A total of 10 years of hourly aerosol and gas data at four rural German stations have been combined with hourly back trajectories to the stations and inventories of the European Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), yielding pollution maps over Germany of PM10, particle number concentrations, and equivalent black carbon (eBC). The maps reflect aerosol emissions modified with atmospheric processes during transport between sources and receptor sites. Compared to emission maps, strong western European emission centers do not dominate the downwind concentrations because their emissions are reduced by atmospheric processes on the way to the receptor area. PM10, eBC, and to some extent also particle number concentrations are rather controlled by emissions from southeastern Europe from which pollution transport often occurs under drier conditions. Newly formed particles are found in air masses from a broad sector reaching from southern Germany to western Europe, which we explain with gaseous particle precursors coming with little wet scavenging from this region. Annual emissions for 2009 of PM10, BC, SO2, and NOx were accumulated along each trajectory and compared with the corresponding measured time series. The agreement of each pair of time series was optimized by varying monthly factors and annual factors on the 2009 emissions. This approach yielded broader summer emission minima than published values that were partly displaced from the midsummer positions. The validity of connecting the ambient concentration and emission of particulate pollution was tested by calculating temporal changes in eBC for subsets of back trajectories passing over two separate prominent emission regions, region A to the northwest and B to the southeast of the measuring stations. Consistent with reported emission data the calculated emission decreases over region A are significantly stronger than over region B. © Author(s) 2020.
The atmospheric composition is strongly influenced by a change in atmospheric dynamics, which is potentially related to climate change. A prominent example is the doubling of the stratospheric ozone component at the summit station Zugspitze (2962 m a.s.l., Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany) between the mid-seventies 15 and 2005, roughly from 11 ppb to 23 ppb (43 %). Systematic efforts for identifying and quantifying this influence have been made since the late 1990s. Meanwhile, routine lidar measurements of ozone and water vapour carried out at Garmisch-Partenkirchen (German Alps) since 2007, combined with in-situ and radiosonde data and trajectory calculations, have revealed that stratospheric intrusion layers are present on 84 % of the yearly measurement days. At Alpine summit stations the frequency of intrusions exhibits a seasonal cycle with a 20 pronounced summer minimum that is reproduced by the lidar measurements. The summer minimum disappears if one looks at the free troposphere as a whole. The mid- and upper-tropospheric intrusion layers seem to be dominated by very long descent on up to hemispheric scale in an altitude range starting at about 4.5 km a.s.l. Without interfering air flows, these layers remain very dry, typically with RH =< 5 % at the centre of the intrusion. Pronounced ozone maxima observed above Garmisch-Partenkirchen have been mostly related to a 25 stratospheric origin rather than to long-range transport from remote boundary layers. Our findings and results for other latitudes seem to support the idea of a rather high contribution of ozone import from the stratosphere to tropospheric ozone. Copyright: Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License
Within the CO2 time series measured at the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS), Germany, as part of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) program, pollution episodes are traced back to local and regional emissions, identified by <delta>13C(CO2) as well as ratios of CO and CH4 to CO2 mixing ratios. Seven episodes of sudden enhancements in the tropospheric CO2 mixing ratio are identified in the measurements of mixing/isotopic ratios during five winter months from October 2012 to February 2013. The short-term CO2 variations are closely correlated with changes in CO and CH4 mixing ratios, achieving mean values of 6.0 <plusminus> 0.2 ppb/ppm for CO/CO2 and 6.0 <plusminus> 0.1 ppb/ppm for CH4/CO2. The estimated isotopic signature of CO2 sources (<delta>s) ranges between -35%0 and -24%0, with higher values indicating contributions from coal combustion or wood burning, and lower values being the result of natural gas or gasoline. Moving Keeling plots with site-specific data selection criteria are applied to detect these pollution events. Furthermore, the HYSPLIT trajectory model is utilized to identify the trajectories during periods with CO2 peak events. Short trajectories are found covering Western and Central Europe, while clean air masses flow from the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Quelle: https://www.mdpi.com
Background The implementation of emission mitigation policies in Europe over the last two decades has generally improved the air quality, which resulted in lower aerosol particle mass, particle number, and black carbon mass concentration. However, little is known whether the decreasing particle concentrations at a lower-altitude level can be observed in the free troposphere (FT), an important layer of the atmosphere, where aerosol particles have a longer lifetime and may affect climate dynamics. In this study, we used data from two high-Alpine observatories, Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus (ZSF) and Jungfraujoch (JFJ), to assess the long-term trends on size-resolved particle number concentrations (PNCs) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration separated for undisturbed lower FT conditions and under the influence of air from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) from 2009 to 2018. Results The FT and PBL-influenced conditions were segregated for both sites. We found that the FT conditions in cold months were more prevalent than in warm months, while the measured aerosol parameters showed different seasonal patterns for the FT and PBL-influenced conditions. The pollutants in the PBL-influenced condition have a higher chance to be transported to high-altitudes due to the mountainous topography, leading to a higher concentration and more distinct seasonal variation, and vice versa. The long-term trends of the measured aerosol parameters were evaluated and the decreased aerosol concentrations were observed for both FT and PBL-influenced conditions. The observed decreasing trends in eBC concentration in the PBL-influenced condition are well consistent with the reported trends in total BC emission in Germany and Switzerland. The decreased concentrations in the FT condition suggest that the background aerosol concentration in the lower FT over Central Europe has correspondingly decreased. The change of back trajectories in the FT condition at ZSF and JFJ was further evaluated to investigate the other possible drivers for the decreasing trends. Conclusions The background aerosol concentration in the lower FT over Central Europe has significantly decreased during 2009-2018. The implementation of emission mitigation policies is the most decisive factor and the decrease of the regional airmass occurrence over Central Europe also has contributed to the decreasing trends. © 2021, The Author(s)
The identification of different sources of the carbonaceous aerosol (organics and black carbon) was investigated at a mountain forest site located in central Germany from September to October 2010 to characterize incoming air masses during the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 (HCCT-2010) experiment. The near-PM1 chemical composition, as measured by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 41%) followed by sulfate (19%) and nitrate (18%). Source apportionment of the OA fraction was performed using the multilinear engine (ME-2) approach, resulting in the identification of the following five factors: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 3% of OA mass), biomass burning OA (BBOA; 13%), semi-volatile-like OA (SV-OOA; 19%), and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors. The more oxidized OOA (MO-OOA, 28%) was interpreted as being influenced by aged, polluted continental air masses, whereas the less oxidized OOA (LO-OOA, 37%) was found to be more linked to aged biogenic sources. Equivalent black carbon (eBC), measured by a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP) represented 10% of the total particulate matter (PM). The eBC was clearly associated with HOA, BBOA, and MO-OOA factors (all together R2=0.83). Therefore, eBC's contribution to each factor was achieved using a multi-linear regression model. More than half of the eBC (52%) was associated with long-range transport (i.e., MO-OOA), whereas liquid fuel eBC (35%) and biomass burning eBC (13%) were associated with local emissions, leading to a complete apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol. The separation between local and transported eBC was well supported by the mass size distribution of elemental carbon (EC) from Berner impactor samples. Air masses with the strongest marine influence, based on back trajectory analysis, corresponded with a low particle mass concentration (6.4-7.5 (my)g m-3) and organic fraction (~30%). However, they also had the largest contribution of primary OA (HOA ~ 4% and BBOA 15%-20%), which was associated with local emissions. Continental air masses had the highest mass concentration (11.4-12.6 (my)g m-3), and a larger fraction of oxygenated OA (~45%) indicated highly processed OA. The present results emphasize the key role played by long-range transport processes not only in the OA fraction but also in the eBC mass concentration and the importance of improving our knowledge on the identification of eBC sources. © Author(s) 202
This report explores the introduction of carbon taxes with a national offset component and their interactions with other policy areas, and makes recommendations on this topic. In this task, the study focuses on the approaches Chile, Mexico and South Africa have chosen for elaborating their carbon taxes. The study identifies the objectives the three countries pursue by introducing these new systems as well as the requirements they establish for the use of offsets. Furthermore, it analyses the interaction between the use of offsets and other policy areas, in particular on co-benefits, co-costs and long-term emissions mitigation trajectories. Quelle:http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/
Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit {GRS)mbH Grundwasser-Transportrechnun- gen am hydrogeologischen Modell Konrad zur Bewertung der Modell- daten und ihrer Bandbreiten Variationen der hydraulischen Kenn- werte über einem probabilistischen Ansatz Dezember 1993 Auftrags-Nr.: 65 300 Anmerkung: Dieser Bericht Ist von der GRS im Auftrag des TÜV Hannover/ Sachsen Anhalt im Rahmen der Begutachtung Konrad erstellt worden. Der Auftraggeber behält sich alle Rechte vor. Insbesondere darf dieser Bericht nur mit seiner Zustimmung zitiert, ganz oder teilweise vervielfältigt werden bzw. Dritten zugänglich gemacht werden. Der Bericht gibt die Auffassung und Meinung des Auftragnehmers wieder und muß nicht mit der Meinung des Auftraggebers übereinstimmen. 003 GRS-A-2098 Seite INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1Einleitung1 2Statistische Methoden zur Behandlung von Modell- und Para- meterunsicherheiten2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.1.1Die UnsicherheitsaussageDie Sensitivitätsaussage3 4 Der Erwartungswert als sogenanntes Referenzergebnis5 Vergleich mit Grenzwerten6 Empirische Verteilungsfunktion3Beschreibung der Vorgehensweise4Beschreibung der Eingabedaten4.1 4.2Die Verteilung der hydraulischen KennwerteDie Auswahl der hydraulischen Kenndaten zu Modelldatensätzen5Vorbereitung der Modellrechnungen mit NAMMU6Ergebnisse der Simulationen mit NAMMU6.1Ergebnisse der Rechnungen zur Repräsentativität der Partikel- Startpunkte im Endlager6.2 6.3Ergebnisse der Trajektorienberechnung7Auswertung der Trajektorienberechnung hinsichtlich der kür- zesten Laufzeiten21 7.1Auswertung der Laufzeiten7.2Auswertung der Laufpfade7.3Auswertung der Laufzeiten bezüglich der Partikelstartpunkte7.4Plausibilitätsbetrachtungen zu den Trajektorien mit den kürzesten Laufzeiten21 21 22 23 8Die Aussagen der probabilistischen Unsicherheitsanalyse für den Standort Konrad28 8.1 8.2Die UnsicherheitsaussageDie Sensitivitätsaussage28 28 8.2.1Druckpotentiale28 8.2.2Laufwege, Laufzeiten, Laufpfadgruppen29 9Bewertung der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich des Referenzdatensat- zes und seiner Berechnungsergebnisse29 9.1Referenzdatensatz29 Das GAS-Programm MEDUSA Das SAS-Verfahren Betrachtung der laufzeitbestimmenden Parameter 1 8 9 10 14 15 15 15 17 17 18 19 20 Seite INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 9.3Grundwasserfluß 9.4Sensitivitätsaussagen 10Literaturverzeichnis 30 31 32 35 36 38 Verzeichnis der Tabellen Verzeichnis der Bilder Anhang Verteiler 2
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