In Vivo und in vitro Verabreichung von Nahrungsmittelzusatzstoffen (Tartrazin, Gelborange, Amaranth, Benzoesaeure, Sorbinsaeure, Na-Disulfit, K-Disulfit, Glutamat) und von Nahrungsmitteln (Ei, Milch, Nuesse, Fisch, Rohkost, Fleisch, Mehlsorten) an Patienten mit Verdacht auf entsprechende Unvertraeglichkeiten. Symptome: Kopf- und Bauchschmerzen, Asthma, Rhinitis, Diarrhoe, Urticaria, anaphylaktischer Schock. Mit Hilfe der in vitro Provokationen werden Korrelationen zwischen Mediatorenprofilen und der klinischen Symptomatologie hergestellt. Ziel der Untersuchung: Etablierung eines validen, nicht invarsiven, den Patienten nicht gefaehrdenden diagnostischen Verfahrens zur Objektivierung der nahrungsmittelinduzierten pseudoallergischen Reaktionen.
Salinity reduces the productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through osmotic and ionic effects. For given atmospheric conditions we hypothesize the existence of an optimal canopy structure at which water use efficiency is maximal and salt accumulation per unit of dry matter production is minimal. This canopy structure optimum can be predicted by integrating physiological processes over the canopy using a functional-structural plant model (FSPM). This model needs to represent the influence of osmotic stress on plant morphology and stomatal conductance, the accumulation of toxic ions and their dynamics in the different compartments of the system, and their toxic effects in the leaf. Experiments will be conducted to parameterize an extended cucumber FSPM. In in-silico experiments with the FSPM we attempt to identify which canopy structure could lead to maximum long-term water use efficiency with minimum ionic stress. The results from in-silico experiments will be evaluated by comparing different canopy structures in greenhouses. Finally, the FSPM will be used to investigate to which extent the improvement of individual mechanisms of salt tolerance like reduced sensitivity of stomatal conductance or leaf expansion can contribute to whole-plant salt tolerance.
In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.
Our long term activities aim at a functional understanding of alpine plant life. Overall our research shifted gradually from studying resource acquisition (e.g. photosynthesis) toward resource investment and questions of developement. As with treeline, sink activity seems to be the major determinant of growth. A common misconception associated with alpine plant life finds its expression in the use of the terms 'stress' and 'limitation'. See the critique in: Körner C (1998) Alpine plants: stressed or adapted? In: Press MC, Scholes JD, Barker MG (eds.) Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science , 297-311. Ongoing experimental work: The influence of photoperiod on growth and development in high elevation taxa (Ph.D. by Franziska Keller in cooperation with the Dept. of Geography, University of Fribourg). We test, whether and which species are responsive to earlier snow melt. It appears there exists a suite of different sensitivities, suggesting biodiversity shifts. We also tested the influence of nutrient addition on high elevation pioneer plants and run a longer term project on the interactive effect on sheep tramplng, nitrogen deposition and warming as part of the Swiss National Project NFP 48. A Europe-wide assessment of ground temperatures in alpine grassland is part of ALPNET (see associated organisations). The assessment provides a basis for comparing biodiversity in alpine biota from 69 to 37 degree of northern latitude. (Nagy et al. (2003) Ecological Studies, Vol. 167. 577 p. Springer, Berlin). A synthesis of research in functional ecology of alpine plants over the past 100 years was published in 1999.
The main objective of the project is to determine growth sensitivity, elasticity, and resilience of Douglas-fir provenances to climatic alterations, in particular drought events. To differentiate between the impact of site and genetics, samples from experiments will be analyzed, where identical provenances are planted at different sites. Major research scopes are: Investigating the impact of weather on intra-annual growth patterns We will determine how weather variations affect the provenances' growth. The focus will be on intra-annual variations in wood anatomy and density. A dendrometer study will complement the retrospective analyses to monitor changes in stem hydraulic status and to trace the seasonal timing of growth processes. Fitting genotype- and climate-sensitive growth models for a growth simulation system Retrospective inter-annual growth address long-term trends as well as the effect of distinct climate events on inter-annual growth responses. The goal is to build provenance- and climate-sensitive growth models that can be integrated into a growth simulation system. The assessment of growth responses to drought will be tested and interpreted against the results of the partner projects within the general research concept 'adaptation of forest trees to climatic change - diversity of drought responses in Douglas-fir provenances': P1 (genes), P2 (stable isotopes), and P4 (isoprenoids). A major contribution of our project is to provide the partner projects with research opportunities in the adult stands of the provenance experiments.
Wide applications in Europe show that weed management strategies can be considerably improved when computerized expert systems, decision models and population-dynamic models are applied. If these management systems are transferred and adapted to the specific production systems of the North China Plain, herbicide use can be significantly reduced and the evolution of persistent weed populations in the major arable crops can be avoided. The main objective of this subproject will be to create efficacy-based models analyzing herbicide performance in major crops and to create population-based models for herbicide use analyzing the yield losses caused by weed competition. For these models it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of major weed species to herbicides and to explore the potential of reduced dose rates for herbicide use. Furthermore it is necessary to investigate weed management practices combining preventive (timing of seeding, crop rotation and tillage) and direct methods (chemical and physical methods) of weed control. For population dynamic models it is necessary to determine long-term economic weed threshold estimating the changes in the soil seed bank. Finally both models will be combined in a decision support system for weed control in North China Plain Production Systems. The applicability of this decision support system will be tested in field experiments.
We will provide (1) observational information on the impacts of drought on carbon and water relations of common tree species, (2) a model-based upscaling of these impacts to the catchment level, and (3) an investigation of land-climate feedbacks with a coupled regional climate-vegetation model. The outputs of this project are relevant for forest management (e.g., tree species selection; C sequestration under the Kyoto protocol) as well as for the climate modeling community. At the local scale, as a follow-up of the CANOPY project, we will verify, over a large area, the species-specific drought sensitivity of trees found at the Swiss Canopy Crane site (elaboration of a drought sensitivity index for Central Europe). We will employ helicopter-based infrared thermography to scan forests across a wide spectrum of Swiss habitats, ground-based moisture sensors and local microcore measurements of the growth response over ten years. Canopy temperature will serve as a proxy for transpiration under known atmospheric evaporative demand. Existing dendrometer data will be used to distil seasonal influences of drought on radial growth, including the 2003 drought episode (link with dendrochronology-based drought investigations by P1.3). At the catchment scale, data from the above campaign will be used to parameterize the specific drought response of trees in the LPJG-TM model (EcoHydro project of Phase II); we will continue (in collaboration with P3.1 and P3.2) to parameterize non-woody Plant Functional Types. Using empirical data from Switzerland, Poland and the US on the growth-mortality relationship, we will focus on the modelling of drought effects on tree mortality and associated C-cycle changes. Simulation results based on climate scenarios from P2.2 will be aggregated to the grid-cell scale of the CLM2 outputs for consistency checks and in light of the higher process resolution regarding plant demography in LPJG-TM. At the continental scale, the model CLM2 will be used. It is currently developed at ETH Zurich, coupling the COSMO/Climate-Local Model (cf. P2.1) with NCAR's Community Land Model. Simulations will be performed (1) with the standard CLM2; (2) including carbon-water relationships based on CANOPY data and related findings in Europe; (3) including land cover specifications based on results from LPJG-TM. We will investigate the role of subgrid-scale heterogeneity of vegetation dynamics for continental-scale climate (comparison with LPJG-TM), and assess the role of biosphere-climate feedbacks for future climate (comparison with P2.1, P2.2). In addition, the impact of the changing magnitude and frequency of droughts on these relationships will be investigated with/without soil moisture feedbacks.
Ein wichtiges Ziel des landwirtschaftlichen Hochwasserschutzes besteht darin, das Wasser möglichst in der Fläche zu halten. Dabei kommt der Landwirtschaft als größtem Flächennutzer eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Grundvoraussetzung ist eine standortangepasste Nutzung, die auf die Geländeverhältnisse, die klimatischen Voraussetzungen und Bodeneigenschaften Rücksicht nimmt. Eine hochwasserverträgliche Bewirtschaftung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen beinhaltet alle Maßnahmen, die den Oberflächenabfluss reduzieren, wie erhöhter Bodenbedeckungsgrad, größere Oberfl ächenrauigkeit, Vermeidung von Bodenverdichtungen, stabile Bodengefüge und Bodenaggregate, Steigerung der Infiltrationsrate, Vermeidung von Splash-Wirkung und Verschlämmung. Eine wichtige Maßnahme ist die Erhaltung einer lang anhaltenden Bodenbedeckung durch Hauptfrüchte mit langer Vegetationszeit und hoher Bestandesdichte. Dies wird erreicht durch Zwischenfruchtanbau und Untersaaten und andererseits durch die Vermeidung von spät schließenden Reihenfrüchten wie Mais, Kartoffeln und Zuckerrüben. Weiters bedeutsam ist die Erhaltung eines infi ltrationsfähigen Bodengefüges durch Verzicht auf tiefe Bodenwendung, Mulchsaatverfahren, die ausreichende Zufuhr von organischer Substanz und die Bearbeitung hängiger Flächen quer zum Hang. Schließlich sollen vorhandene Bodenverdichtungen gelockert und neue Verdichtungen vermieden werden, z.B. durch eine Verringerung der Befahrhäufigkeit, eine Verminderung des Kontaktfl ächendrucks und ein Befahren der Flächen nur bei tragfähigem Bodenzustand. Im vorliegenden Modell wurde einerseits die Hochwasserprävention auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen bewertet, indem die lokalen naturräumlichen Verhältnisse der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung gegenübergestellt wurden, um den Wasserabfluss aus landwirtschaftlichen Flächen ersichtlich zu machen. Für die Bewertung der Hochwasserempfindlichkeit der landwirtschaftlichen Flächen wurden zusätzlich die Flächen nach ihrer Überflutungshäufigkeit klassifiziert. So können nun bestimmte Maßnahmen einerseits räumlich gezielt den Wasserabfluss minimieren und andererseits die Schäden im Hochwasserfall gering halten. Um die Bewertungen und die Vorgangsweise zu veranschaulichen wurde die Gemeinde Seitenstetten als Beispielsregion herangezogen. Es liegt dort jedoch kein behördliches Verfahren zur Gebietsausweisung von jenen Einzelflächen oder Schlägen vor, die in Zukunft für den Hochwasserschutz bedeutend sein könnten. Beispielsprojekte im Ausland zeigen, dass durch eine sorgfältige agronomische Standortanalyse ein Maßnahmenkatalog für sensible Teilgebiete zusammengestellt werden kann, ohne Entzug von Flächen und anderen tiefgreifenden Betriebsumstellungen. Die Maßnahmen sind meistens relativ einfach plan- und umsetzbar, können insgesamt jedoch in ihrer standortangepassten kombinierten Form sehr effektiv wirken. usw.
In den zurückliegenden 1.5 Jahren des Projektes konzentrierten sich die Arbeiten auf das erste bereits fertiggestellte vertikale Seismometer-Array des ICDP-GONAF-Observatoriums auf der Tuzla Halbinsel im Südosten Istanbuls. Aufgrund des verbesserten Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses an den Bohrlochseismometern im Vergleich zu den Oberflächenstationen war es möglich, deutlich mehr M kleiner als 0 Mikrobeben zu detektieren. Diese Messdaten stellten die Grundlage für die bereits durchgeführten seismologischen Studien dar. In der hier beantragten Verlängerung werden wir unsere Erdbebendatenbank für das östliche Marmarameer fortlaufend erweitern, indem wir die im Sommer 2014 fertig gestellten Seismometer-Arrays auf der Armutlu-Halbinsel in die Detektionsalgorithmen integrieren, sowie dann auch weitere vier GONAF-Bohrlocharrays, deren Fertigstellung bis Frühjahr 2015 geplant ist. Es wurden verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung oberflächennaher Eigenschaften des Tuzla-Standortes, wie z.B. seismische Geschwindigkeiten und Dämpfung, angewendet und angepasst. Dieselben Methoden werden auf die neuen GONAF-Stationen übertragen, um zu verifizieren, ob die Beobachtungen in Tuzla standortspezifisch, oder auch für andere geologische Formationen repräsentativ sind. Die dann erstmals durchgeführte vergleichende Analyse unterschiedlicher Standorte in der Region wird neue Einblicke geben, um die Auswerteverfahren für die Korrektur von Standort-Effekten weiterzuentwickeln. Dies ist z.B. für eine genaue Abschätzung von Erdbeben-Quellparametern essentiell. Darüber hinaus planen wir, Processing-Methoden des Vertical-Seismic Profiling einzusetzen, um die Zweige der Nordanatolischen Verwerfungszone unterhalb des östlichen Marmarameeres abzubilden (passive fault-zone imaging). Dabei wird die lokale Seismizität genutzt, die in kleiner als 20 km Epizentralentfernung von den GONAF-Stationen in Tiefen von 5 bis 20 km auftritt und an den verschiedenen Tiefenstockwerken der GONAF-Arrays registriert wird. Schließlich werden Wellenformen-Registrierungen von erstmals in 300m Tiefe eingesetzten 3-Komponenten 1Hz MARK Seismometern ausgewertet, unter Anderem um verstärkt S-Wellen-Eigenschaften der Region zu untersuchen.
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