In praxisgerechten Freiland-Lysimetern, die den Einsatz 14C-markierter Wirkstoffe erlauben, sind in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Herbizide, Fungizide und Insektizide auf ihren Abbau und ihre Verlagbarkeit mit dem Sickerwasser untersucht worden. Die bisher erzielten Ergebnisse koennen dahingehend zusammengefasst werden, dass der ueberwiegende Anteil neu entwickelter Stoffe rasch im Boden abgebaut wird und nicht oder nur vereinzelt in Spuren im Sickerwasser zu finden ist.
In Saeulenversuchen, Abbauversuchen unter konstanten und variierenden Klimabedingungen und Batchversuchen zur Bindungsfaehigkeit werden in Hinblick auf die mathematische Simulation des Stoffverhaltens Daten erarbeitet. Forschungsziel ist es dabei, solche Laborversuche im Hinblick auf ihre Eignung zur Verwendung in Simulationsmodellen zu ueberpruefen und zu optimieren.
The aim of this project is to co-estimate models of the core and ionosphere magnetic fields, with the longer-term view of building a 'comprehensive' model of the Earths magnetic field. In this first step we would like to take advantage of the progresses made in the understanding of the ionosphere by global M-I-T modelling to better separate the core and ionospheric signals in satellite data. The magnetic signal generated in the ionosphere is particularly difficult to handle because satellite data provide only information on a very narrow local time window at a time. To get around this difficulty, we would like to apply a technique derived from assimilation methods and that has been already successfully applied in outer-core flow studies. The technique relies on a theoretical model of the ionosphere such as the Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM), where statistics on the deviations from a simple background model are estimated. The derived statistics provided in a covariance matrix format can then be use directly in the magnetic data inversion process to obtain the expected core and ionospheric models. We plan to apply the technique on the German CHAMP satellite data selected for magnetically quiet times. As an output we should obtain a model of the ionospheric magnetic variation field tailored for the selected data and a core-lithosphere field model where possible leakage from ionospheric signals are avoided or at least reduced. The technique can in theory be easily extended to handle the large-scale field generated in the magnetosphere.
Eine stärkere Nutzung der Bahn ist zentral für die erforderliche Verkehrswende. Das Vorhaben soll folgende vier Aspekte untersuchen: 1. Ländervergleich: Was macht die Verkehrspolitik in Sachen Schiene in anderen Ländern besser? In einem internationalen Vergleich (z.B. A/CH/SWE/GB/F/I) soll analysiert werden, wie es andere Länder erreicht haben durch eine Attraktivierung der Bahn mehr Kunden (SPFV+SGV) zu gewinnen. 2. Vertiefte verkehrspolitische Analysen: Sind die umwelt- und verkehrspolitischen Ziele für die Schiene erreicht oder benötigt es veränderte politische Rahmensetzungen, z.B. durch eine zweite Bahnreform? Inwieweit unterstützen die Ziele der Bahnreform die Ziele einer aus Umweltsicht wünschenswerten Bahnpolitik? Mögliche Forschungsfragen: Inwieweit kann eine erfolgreich umgesetzte Bahnreform zu einer höheren Nachfrage im SPFV / SGV führen? Wenn ja, über welche Dimensionen wettbewerblicher Bahnpolitik kann diese Nachfrage stimuliert werden (z.B. niedrigere Preise/Weiterentwicklung der TP/höhere Angebotsqualität)? Kann eine erfolgreich umgesetzte Bahnreform die erwünschte höhere Nachfrage im SPFV / SGV ökonomisch effizienter realisieren als dies über andere Maßnahmen (z.B. höhere Investitionen ohne begleitende wettbewerbliche Instrumente) geschehen kann? 3. Nutzungsanforderungen im SPFV: Für eine größere Verlagerung muss sich das Angebot stärker an den Interessen und Bedürfnissen der Nutzer*innen orientieren. Hierzu ist eine tiefere empirische Analyse zu den diesbezüglichen Qualitätsanforderungen notwendig 4. System Güterbahn stärken: Welche Chancen und Hemmnisse gibt es, die eine stärkere Marktdurchdringung der Güterbahnen auf den Verkehrsmärkten ermöglichen bzw. verhindern? Analyse des Bahnsystems zur Formulierung passgenauer Handlungsempfehlungen: Wie können Betriebsabläufe optimiert werden? Wie durchlässig ist die Branche für Innovationen? Wie und zu welchen Kosten und unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen können Güterbahnen wettbewerbsfähiger werden?
Im Rahmen des Vorhabens zur Verlagerung von Groß- und Schwerguttransporten auf die Wasserstraße wur-den Infrastrukturdaten von Häfen und von Objekten in der Zuständigkeit der WSV erhoben. Seit Juni 2021 wurden erste Infrastrukturdaten freigegeben, so dass die Daten über eine API-Schnittstelle abgerufen werden können. Bis Ende 2023 sollen weitere potenzielle Umschlagstellen in ganz Deutschland erfasst werden, um ein flächendeckendes Netz zu schaffen.
The project ECO2 (Sub-seabed CO2 storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems) is carried out by a consortium of 24 research institutes, one independent foundation, and two commercial entities from nine European countries. The project is coordinated by IFM-Geomar in Kiel. For details regarding the ECO2 consortium and the organization of the project, we refer to the website www.eco2-project.eu. The overall aims of ECO2 are to evaluate the likelihood, ecological impact, economic and legal consequences of leakage from sub-seabed CO2 storage sites. The contribution of LH2 to this project occurs within the Workpackage 1 (Caprock integrity) as well as within the Cross Cutting Theme 2 (Numerical modelling). Within Workpackage 1, it is one of the aims to provide a catalogue of possible leakage scenarios and their likelihood of occurence. This will be done for selected sites like Snoehvit or Sleipner. The modelling includes static modelling and dynamic modelling. The latter will be done by LH2 based on numerical modelling concepts developed in-house and implemented into the simulator Dumux. Cross Cutting Theme 2 (Numerical modelling) has the major aim to develop interfaces between the different kinds of numerical models which are applied in the different work packages for specific tasks.
Due to ecological reasons and because of the need to remain independent from foreign energy suppliers, the power generation in offshore wind parks becomes more and more important in Germany. It is therefore planned to build up approximately 1,300 new offshore wind power plants with a capacity of 6,500 MW near the German coastline until 2020. The structures are installed on the ground of the sea in a water depth that might in some cases reach 50 m. The mechanical loading situation for these structures is characterised by an enormous weight combined with high cyclic stresses resulting from the service loads and the tide. Hence, hot rolled steels with a yield strength of 355 MPa are employed in a maximum thickness of 100 mm. Until now, the required toughness properties for these structural steels and their welds are 40 J at -20 C. However, in a plate thickness of 100 mm, only the submerged arc welding (SAW) process can be used to guarantee such toughness properties, but especially in these heavy plates, submerged arc welding is rather time consuming and consequently more uneconomic compared to other welding techniques. Due to these disadvantages, it can even be expected that only part of the planned power plants will be built up in time as the high welding time of several hours per m causes too many delays. From the point of structural integrity, it can be argued wether a Charpy impact toughness of 40 J is really required, as this criterion is only set based on experiences of mechanical and civil engineers. Thus, it can be concluded that different welding techniques should be regarded as alternatives to SAW in case that the 'real' toughness requirements are less than 40 J at -20 C. Electron beam welding would be a favourable welding process for such heavy plates as even 100 m thick plates can be welded in one single step, but until now the toughness requirements of 40 J have not yet been met. It is therefore the aim of the research project to reinforce the electron beam welding process for the application to heavy plates in offshore wind power plants. To reach this aim, the following tasks are be carried out: - improvement of the electron beam welding process in order to achieve better toughness properties of the welds, - application of reliable fracture mechanics concepts in order to calculate realisitc toughness requirements. With regard to the process, already a this stage of the project an enormous improvement of the toughness properties of EB weld seams could be demonstrated based on optimisation of the welding process. Furthermore, it could be shown that by establishing the leakage before breakage criterion combined with regular inspections, the toughness requirements can be significantly reduced. Thus, the EB welding can be applied to offshore wind energy installations even if steels of higher yield strength (e.g. S460Q) are selected.
Many EU cities are experiencing increasing problems with their water pipeline infrastructure. The cost of replacing these old, worn-out systems, if left to deteriorate beyond repair, is astronomical and clearly beyond the resources of many communities. Replacement, however, is not the only choice as many of these systems can be rehabilitated at 30 to 70 percent of the cost of replacement. Accordingly, resources are now increasingly being allocated to address pipeline rehabilitation management issues. Due to the emphasis on sustainable management, risk-based approaches for the rehabilitation management of the water supply network need to be developed. Rehabilitation decisions should be based, inter alia, on inspection and evaluation of the pipeline conditions. Yet, utilities cannot locate a number of their old pipes and current inspection technologies typically do not provide the needed detailed information on pipeline damage. The objectives of this work are: 1. To develop a novel, high resolution imaging ground penetrating radar for the detection of pipes, leaks and damages and the imaging of the damaged region and evaluate it at a test site. 2. To produce an integrated system that will contain the equipment in 1 and a Decision-Support-System (DSS) for the rehabilitation management of the underground water pipelines that will use input from the inspections to assess, probabilistically, the time-dependent leakage and structural reliability of the pipelines and a risk-based methodology for rehabilitation decisions that considers the overall risk, including financial, social and environmental criteria. 3. To field test the equipment and the DSS. Prime Contractor: Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, Athen, Greece.
The goal of the project is to establish a 2D and a 3D groundwater flow model at the transition of subterranean-submarine hydrological regime of proposed seepage systems. To achieve this the enhancement of the numerical formulation and solution procedure of the sharp interface modeling approach for multilayered aquifer systems is necessary. These enhancements include an improved choice of the dependent variables to yield a more robust conservative numerical approximation, less restrictive vertical leakage calculation, rigorous treatment of well conditions, full Newton-Raphson treatment of nonlinearities, and the use of an efficient solver technique (UG, see BASTIAN, 1993). The approach is based on the multiphase flow, transport and energy model (MUFTE, see HELMIG et al., 1994). The necessary steps are: 1. Simulating the submarine groundwater discharge at the outflow of a vent and a seep area by a two dimensional flow and transport model (MUFTE UG). Different characteristic hydrological and submarine flow regimes of the examined area will be studied with the purpose to predict the order of magnitude of water and (non-reactive) mass fluxes at the vent and seep sites. By adjusting the model in order to approximate the representative hydraulic and chemical parameters, the main mechanisms which are controlling the submarine groundwater discharge will be analyzed. 2. Based on these studies of the subterranean-submarine flow regime a numerical model will be established and calibrated for the prediction of the water and mass fluxes in different subdomaines of the area of interest.
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