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Rehabilitation of Degraded Forests in Yunnan (German-Chinese Cooperation for Agrarian Research)

Background: An increasing frequency of massive flooding along the lower Yangtse River in China ended in a disastrous catastrophe in summer 1998 leaving several thousand people homeless, more than 3.600 dead and causing enormous economic damage. Inappropriate land-use techniques and large scale timber felling in the water catchment of the upper Yangtse and its feeder streams were stated to be the main causes. Immediate timber cutting bans were imposed and investigations on land use patterns were initiated by the Chinese Government. The Institute for World Forestry of the Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products was approached by the Yunnan Academy of Forestry in Kunming to exchange experiences and to cooperate scientifically in the design and application of appropriate afforestation and silvicultural management techniques in the water catchment area of the Yangtse. This cooperation was initiated in 1999 and is based on formal agreements in the fields of agrarian research between the German and Chinese Governments. Objectives: The cooperation was in the first step focussing on the identification of factors which caused the enormous floodings. After their identification measures of prevention were determined and put into practice. In this context experiences made in past centuries in the alpine region of central Europe served as an incentive and example for similar environmental problems and solutions under comparable conditions. Relevant key questions of the cooperation project were: - Analysis of forest related factors influencing the recent floodings of the Yangtse, - Analysis and evaluation of silvicultural management experiences from central Europe for know-how transfer, - Evaluation of rehabilitation measures for successful application in Yunnan, - Dissemination of knowledge through vocational training. Results: - Frequent wild grazing of husbandry is a key factor for forest degeneration beyond unsustainable timber harvests, forest fires and insect calamities leading to increased water run-off in the mountainous region of Yunnan; - Browsing of cattle interrupts succession thus avoiding natural regeneration and leaving a logging ban ineffective; - Mountain pasture in the Alps had similar effects in the past in central Europe. The introduction of controlled grazing has led to an ecologically compatible coexistence of pasture and ecology. Close-to-nature forestry can have positive effects in this sensitive environment. - Afforestation with site adopted broadleaves and coniferous tree species was implemented on demonstration level using advanced techniques in Yunnan.

Effects of water content, input of roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover & determination of the spatial variability of subsoil properties

It is well established that reduced supply of fresh organic matter, interactions of organic matter with mineral phases and spatial inaccessibility affect C stocks in subsoils. However, quantitative information required for a better understanding of the contribution of each of the different processes to C sequestration in subsoils and for improvements of subsoil C models is scarce. The same is true for the main controlling factors of the decomposition rates of soil organic matter in subsoils. Moreover, information on spatial variabilities of different properties in the subsoil is rare. The few studies available which couple near and middle infrared spectroscopy (NIRS/MIRS) with geostatistical approaches indicate a potential for the creation of spatial maps which may show hot spots with increased biological activities in the soil profile and their effects on the distribution of C contents. Objectives are (i) to determine the mean residence time of subsoil C in different fractions by applying fractionation procedures in combination with 14C measurements; (ii) to study the effects of water content, input of 13C-labelled roots and dissolved organic matter and spatial inaccessibility on C turnover in an automatic microcosm system; (iii) to determine general soil properties and soil biological and chemical characteristics using NIRS and MIRS, and (iv) to extrapolate the measured and estimated soil properties to the vertical profiles by using different spatial interpolation techniques. For the NIRS/MIRS applications, sample pretreatment (air-dried vs. freeze-dried samples) and calibration procedures (a modified partial least square (MPLS) approach vs. a genetic algorithm coupled with MPLS or PLS) will be optimized. We hypothesize that the combined application of chemical fractionation in combination with 14C measurements and the results of the incubation experiments will give the pool sizes of passive, intermediate, labile and very labile C and N and the mean residence times of labile and very labile C and N. These results will make it possible to initialize the new quantitative model to be developed by subproject PC. Additionally, we hypothesize that the sample pretreatment 'freeze-drying' will be more useful for the estimation of soil biological characteristics than air-drying. The GA-MPLS and GA-PLS approaches are expected to give better estimates of the soil characteristics than the MPLS and PLS approaches. The spatial maps for the different subsoil characteristics in combination with the spatial maps of temperature and water contents will presumably enable us to explain the spatial heterogeneity of C contents.

Species discrimination of plant roots by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

Comprehension of belowground competition between plant species is a central part in understanding the complex interactions in intercropped agricultural systems, between crops and weeds as well as in natural ecosystems. So far, no simple and rapid method for species discrimination of roots in the soil exists. We will be developing a method for root discrimination of various species based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflexion (ATR) Spectroscopy and expanding its application to the field. The absorbance patterns of FTIR-ATR spectra represent the chemical sample composition like an individual fingerprint. By means of multivariate methods, spectra will be grouped according to spectral and chemical similarity in order to achieve species discrimination. We will investigate pea and oat roots as well as maize and barnyard grass roots using various cultivars/proveniences grown in the greenhouse. Pea and oat are recommendable species for intercropping to achieve superior grain and protein yields in an environmentally sustainable manner. To evaluate the effects of intercropping on root distribution in the field, root segments will be measured directly at the soil profile wall using a mobile FTIR spectrometer. By extracting the main root compounds (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and recording their FTIR-ATR spectra as references, we will elucidate the chemical basis of species-specific differences.

DIGSTER - Map and Go (Digital Satellite Based Terrain Model) - User Requirements

The project DIGSTER - Map and Go (Digital Based Terrain Mapping) aims at the technical aspects of digital terrrain mapping. For many questions in administration, planning and expertise terrrain mappings are indispensable. The whole process starting with the data acquisition in the field and ending with map products will be digitally performed by the system. Therefore, a platform appropriate for the use in the field (PDA) is combined with technologies from the disciplines of satellite navigation, remote sensing, communication, and mobile geoinformation systems. For DIGSTER a lot of practical applications already exist in connection with policies and directives on the national and also European level.

Geologische Karte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1:1.000.000 (GK1000) (WMS)

Die Geologische Karte 1:1.000.000 (GK1000) zeigt die Geologie Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Gebiete. Die quartären Einheiten Norddeutschlands und des Alpenvorlands werden genetisch (nach der Entstehungsweise) beschrieben. Die älteren Sedimentgesteine sind nach der Stratigraphie (das Alter der Entstehung) klassifiziert. Die magmatischen Gesteine und die metamorphen (durch Druck und Temperatur veränderten) Gesteine werden nach ihrer petrographischen Zusammensetzung differenziert.

INSPIRE-WFS SL Geologie GK25 - Verwerfung - OGC WFS Interface

Dieser Dienst stellt für das INSPIRE-Thema Geologie aus der geologischen Karte im Maßstab 1:25000 umgesetzte Daten, des Landesamt für Umwelt- und Arbeitsschutz bereit.:Spröde bis zähe Strukturen, an denen eine Verschiebung stattgefunden hat.

Mengenströme Siedlungsabfall

Auswertung der Abfallbilanzen der öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträger und der Betreiberberichte der Abfallentsorgungsanlagen des Landes M-V (z.B. Darstellung der getrennt erfassten Abfälle zur Verwertung, des Aufkommens an Restabfällen aus privaten Haushaltungen sowie der Zusammensetzung der Abfälle).

Kompostierung organischer Abfaelle aus Haushalten und die Kompostverwertung

Die Kompostierung der organischen Haushaltsabfaelle erfolgt auf speziell dafuer eingerichteten Plaetzen. Waehrend des Kompostierungsvorganges werden regelmaessige Messungen von Temperatur und pH-Wert vorgenommen. Das Kompostierungsprodukt wird chemischen Analysen unterzogen, wobei die quantitative Bestimmung von Schadstoffen und von verschiedenen Naehrstoffen wie Stickstoff, Kohlenstoff u.a. im Vordergrund steht. Als Ziel wird die zukuenftige sinnvolle Verwertung der organischen Abfaelle aus den Haushalten in Gartenbau und Landwirtschaft angestrebt.

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1006: Bereich Infrastruktur - Internationales Kontinentales Bohrprogramm, Teilprojekt: More - Mofetten Untersuchungen

Mofetten sind natürliche Gasaustritte, an denen CO2 entlang von Störungszonen aus dem Erdmantel aufsteigt und stellen als solche natürliche Fenster zu magmatischen/vulkanischen Prozessen in der Tiefe dar. Ziel der vorgeschlagenen Untersuchungen an Mofetten ist der physikalische Zusammenhang zwischen Fluideigenschaften, ihrer Migrationspfade und Erdbeben. Der Einsatz modernste Fluidmesstechnik stellt einen komplett neuen Ansatz dar im Vergleich zur Strategie diskreter Probennahmen während der letzten Jahrzehnte. Zusammensetzung und isotopische Signatur der Gase werden kontinuierlich in-situ in verschiedenen Tiefen analysiert. Weltweit einmalig, lassen sich so die aufsteigenden Mantelfluide entlang eines vertikalen Geradienten aus einer Tiefe von mehreren Hundert Metern bis an die Erdoberfläche verfolgen. Dies kann Hinweise auf die Ursache zeitlicher Veränderungen geben, die in Zusammenhang mit der Öffnung von fault-valves, der Zumischung krustaler Fluide zu einer stetigen Mantelentgasung, oder einer möglichen Freisetzung von Wasserstoff bei Bruchvorgängen stehen. Als Untersuchungsobjekt wurde die Hartousov Mofette ausgewählt. Detaillierte Messungen vor, während und nach der Bohrung eines 300 m tiefen Bohrlochs geben Aufschluss über einen möglichen Einfluss der Bohrtätigkeiten auf das lokale und regionale Fluidregime. Periodisch werden Proben zur Edelgasanalytik und detaillierten Isotopenanalyse entnommen. Die Arbeiten stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der für 2019 geplanten Fluidbohrung im Rahmen ICDP Projektes 'Drilling the Eger Rift: Magmatic fluids driving the earthquake swarms and the deep biosphere'.

Strukturanalysen des Gewerbeabfallaufkommens in verschiedenen Bundeslaendern

Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den in Gebietskoerperschaften anfallenden Gewerbeabfall im Hinblick auf seine stofflichen und thermischen Verwertungspotentiale zu untersuchen. Hierzu werden umfangreiche Studien in verschiedenen Bundeslaendern durchgefuehrt.

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