The decomposition of terrestrial organic material such as leaf litter represents a fundamental ecosystem function in streams that delivers energy for local and downstream food webs. Although agriculture dominates most regions in Europe and fungicides are applied widely, effects of currently used fungicides on the aquatic decomposer community and consequently the leaf decomposition rate are largely unknown. Also potential compensation of such hypothesised adverse effects due to nutrients or higher average water temperatures associated with climate change are not considered. Moreover, climate change is predicted to alter the community of aquatic decomposers and an open question is, whether this alteration impacts the leaf decomposition rate. The current projects follows a tripartite design to answer these research questions. Firstly, a field study in a vine growing region where fungicides are applied in large amounts will be conducted to whether there is a dose-response relationship between the exposure to fungicides and the leaf decomposition rate. Secondly, experiments in artificial streams with field communities will be carried out to assess potential compensatory mechanisms of nutrients and temperature for effects of fungicides. Thirdly, field experiments with communities exhibiting a gradient of taxa sensitive to climate change will be used to investigate potential climate-related effects on the leaf decomposition rate.
ZENAPA stands for 'Zero Emission Nature Protection Areas' and is already expressing the project objective of the CO2e neutral large-scale protection areas (GSG) in the project name. ZENAPA not only wants to contribute to climate protection, nature conservation, and species protection but also proves that these objectives do not contradict but can be achieved in a cooperative manner. Essential targets and objectives are to implement the national and pan-European climate protection targets (CAP 2020 and CPP 2050), taking into account the national and European biodiversity and bio-economic strategies. On December 16th 2016 the project 'LIFE-IP ZENAPA - Zero Emission Nature Protection Areas' has been approved by the EU-funding programme for environment, nature protection and climate policy 'LIFE'. The project meets the challenge to harmonize the German Energiewende (energy revolution) with different requirements of climate-, nature- and species protection. The integrated project of the LIFE-subprogram 'Climate', has a budget of 17 million Euros, of which 8 million Euro are funded by the EU. While, project partners and other co-financers cover the remaining amount. The project has started on the 1st November 2016 and covers a period of eight years. There are three phases of the project with a duration of 2.5 years for the first and the last phase plus 3 years for the second phase. Objectives: The project aims to achieve CO2e?-neutrality of large-scale protected areas, inter alia, national parks, biosphere reserves, nature parks and their neighbouring regions. The fundamental requirement is the implementation of the national and European climate protection goals (CAP 2020 and CPP 2050), having regard to the national and European biodiversity- and bio economy strategies. Furthermore, the following project objectives are pursued: - Balancing of competing interests between climate protection measures as well as nature- and environmental compatibility through a regional climate protection strategy and assigned pragmatic measures, - Development of a role model function in the field of climate protection and biodiversity of the large-scale protected areas for rural as well as for the semi urban regions, - Transformation of nature protection - large-scale areas and regions to climate protection regions witch voluntarily agreed climate protection goals (based on CO2-Certificates), - Compensation of the effects of, for example 'climate relevant' prohibitions in the large-scale protection area by involvement and further development of the neighbouring regions, - Strengthening of economic development and reduction of losses along the climate effective value-added chain, - Implementation of measures with climate protection- and biodiversity effects in the large-scale protection areas. (abridged text)
Die Biodiversität im Agrarbereich ist in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten stark zurückgegangen. Als we-sentlicher Grund für die Artenverluste wird die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft, insbesondere auch die Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM) angesehen. Eine Möglichkeit, Biodiversitätsverluste durch PSM auszugleichen, bieten Kompensationsflächen. In dieser Studie wird die Wirksamkeit von Kompensationsflächen bewertet. Studien an Vögeln und Säugetieren über die Mindestausstattung von Agrar-Lebensräumen mit geeigneten Habitat-Komponenten zeigen, dass deren Flächenanteil mindestens 10 % der Anwendungsfläche biodiversitätsschädigender PSM betragen muss. Für Amphibien, Arthropoden und Pflanzen der Agrarlandschaft liegen kaum entsprechenden Daten vor. Die Ergebnisse von Experteninterviews ergaben 15 % ökologischer Aufwertungsfläche für Vögel und 20% für Ackerwildkräuter. Für die Umsetzung der Kompensation werden zwei Ansätze vorgeschlagen. Der erste, sehr einfache Ansatz besteht nur aus der Maßnahme 'selbstbegrünte Brache' in Streifenform. Als Kompensation für einen biodiversitätsschädigenden PSM-Einsatz ist eine Brachefläche in der Größe von 10 % der zu be-handelnden Fläche nachzuweisen. Der zweite Ansatz basiert auf einem Punktesystem, mit dem die zu erbringenden Kompensationsleistungen mit verschiedenen, darunter auch mit produktionsbezogenen Maßnahmen erfüllt werden können. Das System und die Maßnahmen werden im Detail vorgestellt. Ein Abgleich zeigt, dass viele der aktuellen Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen (AUM) der Bundesländer prinzipiell mit dem hier vorgeschlagene Punktesystem übereinstimmen. Allerdings sind die Ansätze und Förderbedingungen in den Bundesländern sehr unterschiedlich und umfassen eine breite Spanne der Ausgestaltung. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Abdrift auf die kompensatorische Wirkung von Ökologischen Aufwertungsflächen (ÖAF) untersucht.
The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility a REDD+ project aiming at a reduction / avoidance of the currently ongoing deforestation in the Mt. Cameroon area. The ecologically valuable region is under serious threat of deforestation, caused by local villagers through the establishment of cash crops, mainly for cocoa-plantations. Deforestation shall be avoided by the development and implementation of a REDD+ project. This project shall be inherently conected to the newly established Mt. Cameroon National Park. The REDD+ project shall finance both the administration of the National Park as well as compensation measures in the surrounding villages. This compensation measures shall not only ensure the interest of local population in the participation in the REDD+ project, it shall also cover the REDD+ projects need for leakage management activities ensuring that the project impact (in terms of carbon conservation) is not compensated by deforestation activities outside the park area. This shall ensure the REDD+ projects overall success. The study evaluated the threat of permanent deforestation in the Mt. Cameroon region, identified drivers of deforesation, screened appropriate mitigation strategies and developed a baseline scenario. In May 2009, GFA ENVEST visited the project site, investigated the legal project structure and discussed project setup with the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife and the Ministry for Environment and Nature Protection. As the national park was established in spring 2010, the REDD+ project development is envisaged to start in autumn 2010. Services provided: GFA ENVEST provides the following services: Assessment of carbon stocks of intact forests for the main forest strata; Assessment of carbon stocks of degraded forests sites (i.e. cocoa plantations) for the main forest strata; Evaluation of forest protection measures and related abatement costs; Assessment of leakage management and leakage monitoring options and related costs; Design of a monitoring system based on remote sensing. This system shall allow for the verification of the overall success of forest protection measures. Calculation of the projects emission reductions under the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) considering VCS security buffer approach for non-permanence; Assessment of carbon revenues and the overall financial feasibility of REDD+ measures; Evaluation of carbon rights ownership and an appropriate REDD+ project structure managing carbon funds and project costs.
Zielsetzung und Anlass des Vorhabens: Die bisherige Praxis zeichnet sich durch relativ isolierte, unkoordinierte Ausweisungen von Ausgleichs- und Ersatzflächen im Rahmen der Eingriffsregelung nach dem BNatSchG je nach Flächenverfügbarkeit aus. Der ökologische Effekt ist eher gering. Ziel des Vorhabens ist, innerhalb des Kooperationsprojektes Städte-Quartett der Städte Damme, Diepholz, Lohne, Vechta, die ökologische Effizienz dieser Maßnahmen durch einen regionalen Verbund zu erhöhen sowie durch eine gemeinsame Strategie eine effektivere und vorausschauendere Flächenbeschaffung durchzuführen. Vorschläge, wo sich ein Flächenpool befinden könnte, liegen vor. Da jedoch bislang nur theoretische Vorstellungen darüber bestehen, wie der Pool unter organisatorischen, rechtlichen und finanziellen Gesichtspunkten umgesetzt werden kann, muß als nächster Schritt die Installierung der Flächenagentur geschehen. Ergebnis soll eine fachlich und politisch abgestimmte Vorgehensweise der vier Städte sein.Fazit: Die wesentlichen Arbeitsergebnisse bei der Entwicklung eines interkommunalen Kompensationsflächenpools als Beitrag einer nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung für das Städte-Quartett Damme, Diepholz, Lohne, Vechta lassen sich auf drei Ebenen benennen. Als wichtigstes Ergebnis ist der Beschluß der vier Verwaltungsausschüsse und der Räte zur Gründung eines gemeinsamen Flächenagentur in Form einer gGmbH anzusehen. Nach einer zwei Jahre andauernden Diskussion in der Projektgruppe, im Lenkungsausschuß, in den Planungs- und Umweltausschüssen, sowie allgemein im politischen Raum wurden im Juli 1999 in den Räten die notwendigen Beschlüsse gefaßt. Insbesondere im Rat der Stadt Diepholz wurde eine sehr intensive und kontroverse Diskussion geführt. Hintergrund der Ängste war und ist die Sorge, daß einerseits im eigenen Stadtgebiet ein Großteil der Poolflächen für die anderen drei Städte umgesetzt werden könnten - man also überproportional viel Flächen zur Verfügung stellen muß - und man dadurch indirekt die Wohnbau- und Gewerbeentwicklung in den anderen Städten befördert. Dieser Aspekt der interkommunalen Konkurrenz war trotz der grundsätzlichen Kooperationsbereitschaft im Städte-Quartett nicht zu beseitigen. Dies hatte u.a. zur Konsequenz, daß der Gesellschaftsvertrag immer wieder verändert wurde. Außerdem befürchten Landwirte den Entzug von Produktionsflächen in einer Region mit einem hohen Bedarf an Güllenachweisflächen. Die fachlichen Grundlagen für die konkrete Umsetzung der Flächenpoolidee wurden in der Projektgruppe diskutiert und einvernehmlich festgelegt. Wichtig sind hierbei das Bilanzierungs- und Verrechnungsmodell zwischen Eingriff und Ausgleich, die Lage der Poolflächen (in Anlehnung an die Ziele der Landschaftsplanung), die rechtliche Zuordnung im Rahmen der Bauleitplanungsverfahren sowie das Procedere bei der Nachfrage von Flächen, wenn sie nicht im eigenen Stadtgebiet liegen. Während der intensiven Diskussion in den fachlichen und politischen Gremien des S
In order to facilitate lamp waste treatment, maximize the recovery rates and improve working environment, an automated, sealed sorting unit will be required. The concept of the ILLUMINATE proposal is to develop automated systems that are able to effectively sort bulbs into different classes and remove foreign objects. This is essential for an economically viable process. The unit will be based on a sensor system combined with self-learning processing unit and will be able to recognize shapes, colours materials, and/or weight. To remedy the current situation where there is little or no separation of mercury containing from non mercury containing materials from bulbs at end of life, the ILLUMINATE project will develop methods and processes for two main areas of the supply chain: collection of the waste streams and sorting of the waste. Once the identification and separation has been achieved the materials from both mercury containing and non mercury containing waste streams can then be handled by the appropriate processing steps in order to cost effectively recycle the waste bulbs. This proposal aims at enhancing the current recycling chain by providing a complete process from collection to pre-processing of waste lamps. In addition to sorting the lamps into proper fractions, the sorting unit will be able to register the number and types of lamps (or other objects) passing through the unit, thereby enabling well-defined statistics on treated lamps and process disturbances due to non-lamp objects received. The statistics provide a basis for more accurate waste treatment costs, other compensation models for producer responsibility, market/sales data and a basis for production planning.
The concept of ecosystem services (ES) links ecosystem functioning and human wel-fare to achieve sustainable land use. However, the success of this concept will critically depend on sources to finance the provision of ES (possibly mobilized by means of markets for ES), on credibility of ES values and on willingness of ES providers to ac-cept financial compensation. Our proposal addresses these aspects: The first part investigates how the land use in Ecuador would change if ES were actually acknowl-edged as economic values. We will use and develop a risk sensitive economic modeling approach to integrate the uncertainty of expected economic values for ES. The aim is to explore how the uncertainty of ES values would affect investments into specific ecosystem types and the connected conversion processes from tropical forest lands to other land use types and vice versa. The second proposal part investigates the willing-ness to accept financial compensation for providing ES. In this part we adapt a risk-sensitive bioeconomic farm model that combines various productive but sustainable land management options to real farm situations. The farm level modeling builds upon the effects of risk compensation from diversified land use by means of a land use port-folio approach. It will be used to derive acceptable individual and thus effective conser-vation payments.
IODP Expeditions 320 and 321 retrieved well preserved continuous core material from the equatorial eastern Pacific that provides an excellent archive for reconstructions of Cenozoic climate, a period which is known for its times of rapid and extreme climate variability. Besides reconstruction of temperature and salinity fluctuations, a main aim of this expedition was to enhance the understanding of carbon cycling, in particular the interplay of carbonate compensation depth (CCD), CaCO3-dissolution and productivity. Major and rapid changes in the Pacific CCD during the Cenozoic reveal strong dynamics in the oceanic C and Ca budget. The exact role of Ca is yet unclear; in particular the Ca sources for the massive pelagic CaCO3 deposition during CCD deepening need to be further constrained (continental input, shelf-weathering, uncompensated consumption of dissolved Ca). Based on microfossil records, we will reconstruct the fluctuations of delta 44/40Ca of the paleo seawater, model the oceanic Ca budget during key periods of climate change, and better constrain the role of Ca in terms of input, redistribution and output during times of massive CCD changes and important stratigraphic transitions.
We plan to establish a fully integrated and astronomically calibrated bio-, chemo-, and magnetostratigraphy at the equatorial Pacific for the Bartonian and Priabonian (41 to 34 Ma) to improve, date, and intercalibrate bio- and magnetostratigraphic datums. An accurate and precise age model is critical to unravel the cause and consequences of events across the Eocene/Oligocene climatic transition. Prerequisite is the correlation and integration of ODP Leg 199 (Sites 1218 through 1220) and IODP Expedition 320 (Sites U1331 through U1334) data (XRF core scanning, physical properties, bio- and magnetostratigraphy) for the middle to late Eocene and earliest Oligocene (magnetic polarity chrons C12n to C20n). The revised composite records will be used to validate and extend the astronomical calibration of the geological timescale into the middle Eocene. We plan to reconstruct the equatorial Pacific Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) in detail by using calibrated high-resolution XRF core scanning data with the aim to address how and why the acidity of the oceans changed in association with shifts in the global Eocene climate. We further will explore the characteristics of the Carbonate Accumulation Events (CAE) and evaluate the relationship of the long-period carbonate cycles in the equatorial Pacific sediments to astronomical forcing. Finally, we would like to contribute to a new high-resolution (on orbital time-scales) record of stable isotopes from bulk sediments at four IODP Exp. 320 sites (U1331 through U1334) along a depth transect from the top of magnetic polarity chron C15n through the base of C12r across the Eocene/Oligocene transition (35 to 33 Ma).
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