*Der Gesundheitszustand der Bäume im Schweizer Wald wird seit 1985 mit der Sanasilva-Inventur repräsentativ erfasst. Die wichtigsten Merkmale sind die Kronenverlichtung und die Sterberate. Das systematische Probeflächen-Netz der Inventur ist im Laufe der Zeit ausgedünnt worden. In der Periode von 1985 bis 1992 wurden rund 8000 Bäume auf 700 Flächen im 4x4 km-Netz aufgenommen, 1993, 1994 und 1997 rund 4000 Bäume im 8x8 km-Netz und in den Jahren 1995, 1996 und 1998 bis 2002 rund 1100 Bäume im 16x16 km-Netz . Aufnahmemethode Alle drei Jahre (1997, 2000) wird die Sanasilva-Inventur auf dem 8x8-km Netz (ca. 170 Probeflächen ) durchgeführt. In den Jahren dazwischen findet die Inventur auf einem reduzierten 16x16-km Netz (49 Probeflächen) statt. Jede Fläche besteht aus zwei konzentrischen Kreisen. Der äussere Kreis hat ein Radius von 12.62 m (500 m2) und der innere ein Radius von 7.98 m (200 m2). Auf dem inneren Kreis werden alle Bäume mit einem Mindestdurchmesser in Brusthöhe von 12 cm und auf dem äusseren Kreis mit einem Mindestdurchmesser in Brusthöhe von 36 cm aufgenommen. In Nordrichtung wird zusätzlich in 30 m Entfernung eine identische Satellitenprobenfläche eingerichtet. Die Aufnahme findet in Juli und August statt. Eine Aufnahmegruppe besteht aus zwei Personen, von denen eine die Daten erhebt, und die andere die Daten eintippt. Die Daten werden mit dem Feldkomputer Paravant und der Software Tally erfasst. Die Aufgabenteilung wechselt zwischen Probeflächen. Auf dem 8x8-km Netz werden zusätzlich 10 Prozent der Flächen von einer unabhängigen zweiten Aufnahmegruppe zu Kontrollzwecken aufgenommen. Hauptmerkmale der Sanasilva-Inventur: Die Sanasilva-Inventur erfasst vor allem folgende Indikatoren des Baumzustandes: Die Kronenverlichtung wird beschrieben durch den Prozentanteil der Verlichtung einer Krone im Vergleich zu einem Baum gleichen Alters mit maximaler Belaubung/Benadelung an diesem Standort, den Anteil dieser Verlichtung, der nicht durch bekannte Ursachen erklärt werden kann, den Ort der Verlichtung, den Anteil und den Ort von unbelaubten/unbenadelten Ästen und Zweigen. Die Kronenverfärbung wird durch die Abweichung der mittleren Farbe (aufgenommen als Farbton, Reinheit und Helligkeit nach den Munsell Colour Charts) eines Baumes zu der für diese Baumart typischen Normalfarbe (Referenzfarbe) und durch das Vorhandensein, das Ausmass und den Ort der von der Referenzfarbe abweichenden Farben beschrieben. Der Zuwachs eines Baumes wird durch die zeitliche Veränderung der aufgenommen Baumgrössen beschrieben (Brusthöhendurchmesser, Höhe des Baumes, Kronenlänge und Kronenbreite). Weitere Merkmale sind die erkannten Ursachen der Kronenverlichtung, die Kronenkonkurrenz und das Vorkommen von Epiphyten, Mistel und Ranken in der Baumkrone.
The health of populations in Europe will be affected in the coming decades by global climate changes. Adaptation is a key response strategy to minimize potential impacts of climate change, and to reduce, with the least cost, the adverse effects on health. cCASHh investigated some of the many ways in which climate change affects health by carrying out a combination of impact and adaptation assessment for four climate-related health outcomes: health effects of heat and cold; health effects of extreme weather events; infectious diseases transmitted by insects and ticks, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis, malaria (vectorborne and rodentborne diseases); infectious diseases transmitted in the water supply or through food (waterborne and foodborne diseases). Floods and heat-waves have direct effects on health. Foodborne and vectorborne diseases are indirect effects of climate change through change in seasonal patterns of diseases. Main conclusions cCASHh has provided timely and critical information on now and how strategies for health threats from climate change. Many conclusions have been drawn from analysis of the health impacts of the 2002 floods and the 2003 heat-wave. This information is being used to design new policies and improve measures to address morbidity and mortality due to flooding and heat-waves. It is not apparent that improvements are taking place quickly enough in those risk areas where no recent disasters or emergencies have occurred. Any comprehensive long-term strategy for minimizing the risks associated with global climate change requires the combination of planned adaptation (now and how) and mitigation of climate change. International burden-sharing is needed to distribute the costs of adaptation according to the vulnerability of countries to climate change.
This study establishes the external health costs caused by air pollution in Switzerland in the year 2000. The primary focus is on road and rail traffic related air pollution. First of all, the population's exposure to airborne pollutants is determined. Based on this, the additional cases of illness and death caused by air pollution are calculated. Using specific cost rates per incidence of illness and death, the impacts on health are then converted into monetary units. Where road traffic is concerned, health costs related to air pollution run to some 1,525 million CHF, of which 57 percent or 871 million CHF are caused by passenger transport, while the remaining 43 percent or 655 million CHF are caused by freight transport. The corresponding figure for rail traffic is 100 million CHF (46 percent passenger and 54 percent freight transport). Air pollution overall - caused by traffic, industry, commerce, households, agriculture and forestry - results in costs of 4,204 million CHF. This figure corresponds to 628 CHF per capita, or compared to GDP it is in the order of magnitude of 1.12 percent.
Zielsetzung und Anlass des Vorhabens: Durch langjährige Versuche wurden in der Waidpflanze Wirkstoffe entdeckt, die sich aufgrund ihrer fungiziden und insektiziden Wirksamkeit im Holz- und Bautenschutz einsetzen lassen. Da aber Anbau und Verarbeitungstechnologie noch unausgereift sind, gibt es eine Reihe von Problemen bezüglich Qualität und Quantität des Holzimprägnierungsmittels. Aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage nach ökologischen Anstrichen ist die Entwicklung neuer marktfähiger und umweltfreundlicher Anstrichstoffe auf Waidbasis als Alternative zum chemischen Holzschutz zu sehen. Darstellung der Arbeitsschritte und der angewandten Methoden: Optimierung der Technologie in der Waidverarbeitung mit verbesserter Prozessgestaltung und Steuerung (insbesondere der Fermentation und Produktherstellung von Holzimprägnierung und Farben) Selektion von Waidstämmen, die eine deutliche Effizienzsteigerung in der Landwirtschaft bei Erhaltung der Wirksysteme gewährleisten; optimale Rohstoffeigenschaften sollen die Verarbeitungskosten senken. Kontinuierliche Qualitätssicherung und Beurteilung der Produktinhaltsstoffe durch begleitende biotech-nologische und toxikologische Untersuchungen und deren Validierung. Fazit: Durch die in enger Zusammenarbeit aller drei Projektpartner ermittelten und definierten Arbeitsabläufe vom Anbau über die Erstverarbeitung der Pflanzen bis zur Produktion von Imprägnierung und Farben, unter Einbeziehung der produktionsbegleitenden Qualitätskontrolle und mit der hier entwickelten Technologie ist nunmehr ein reibungsloser Prozessdurchlauf gewährleistet. Es konnten Standards zur Produktion marktgerechter, toxikologisch unbedenklicher und umweltfreundlicher Holzimprägnierung und Holzfarben entwickelt werden.
Recent events such as the Pakistan earthquake, Hurricane Katrina, the Indian Ocean tsunami and the European heat waves of 2003 reveal the vulnerability of societies to extreme events. The goal of this project is to strengthen prevention, mitigation and preparedness strategies in order to reduce the health, social and economic impacts of extreme events on communities. The objectives of the MICRODIS project are to strengthen the scientific and empirical foundation on the relationship between extreme events and their impacts; to develop and integrate knowledge, concepts, methods and databases towards a common global approach and to improve human resources and coping capacity in Asia and Europe through training and knowledge sharing. This integrated project involves 19 partners from Asia and Europe, including research, policy and ground roots institutions. The outputs will include an evidence-base on impacts, field methodologies and tools for data compilation, impact models, and integrated vulnerability assessments. It will also strengthen standardised data collection of extreme events and their impacts at local, regional and global levels. Prime Contractor: Université Catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-neuve; Belgium.
The aim of 2-FUN is to provide decision-makers with a Decision Support System (DSS) that supports the analysis of current and future trends in environmental conditions and pressures causing health problems, and to evaluate and rank the management options of the composing risk factors using a cost-benefit evaluation. The DSS and its associated Geographical Information System (GIS) will offer a wide range of functionalities allowing the generation of results of high concern for health risk assessment: building of long-term environmental and socio-economic scenarios, exposure and effects mapping, provision of uncertainty margins, identification of sensitive pathways and risks, integrated risk indices and monetary values mapping, ranking of risk factors. Specific scientific actions will be set up to feed the DSS with methodologies/databases/models/ software on the following topics: Building future realistic socio-economic, environmental and health scenarios; Integrated exposure, effect and monetary assessment of multi-stressors and multi-routes; Integration of childrens issues in health risk assessments; Environment-related health indicators for relevant ranking and comparison of risk factors and monetary valuation of health effects; Development of uncertainty models for further health management; Implementation of a full-chain approach for health risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. 2-FUN also proposes to engage in a structural dialogue with all interested parties (stakeholders, policy-makers and researchers) to monitor large environment- and health-focused scientific initiatives and to incorporate stakeholders vision and needs regarding the development of tools for health risk assessment. The DSS will be tested on contrasted case studies covering a wide range of temporal, spatial, sectorial, environmental, societal contexts requiring comprehensive costbenefit analysis and able to provide policy-makers with relevant and easy-to-use information. Prime Contractor: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques; Paris; France.
Identification the risks and benefits associated with the use of untreated wastewater in urban and peri-urban fodder and vegetable cropping systems in India and Pakistan, with a particular focus on livelihoods, livestock and food safety. The project activities are in Hyderabad (India) and Faisalabad (Pakistan). Main task is the creation of a project GIS database and field mapping.
European Member States have set up National Environment and Health Action Programmes during the last decade, confirming the importance of environmental health protection. The importance of scaling down this approach to regional and local level is evident to improve the conditions of life. There is a lack of exchange of information and experiences among Member States on this issue. Thus, there is a need to identify and analyse national and regional activities and to exchange good practices. The main objective of the PRONET project is to facilitate exchange and evaluation of interventions on environment and health exposure reduction measures on a regional level and promote implementation of successful initiatives in other regions of Europe. This project will focus on the exchange of useful practices in two areas; 1) the reduction of traffic-related health hazards; 2) improvement of indoor air quality. This project will co-ordinate the body of experience in practical pollution reduction measures or strategies and will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the design and implementation of measures aimed at reducing exposure to environmental health hazards. Communication, participation, socio-economic and gender factors are included in the analysis as they might influence the impact of exposure reduction measures. To do so PRONET will set up an information exchange platform for the development of health promotion-based policies. Furthermore, this project will set up a network of regional authorities and researchers at different levels. Establishing a link through partners and member states to THE PEP and other relevant projects will be part of the activities. At workshops and by surveys network members will come together to identify, analyse, assess and develop policy options to gain insight in interventions and disseminate the results to all stakeholders in European regions. The results will be used to make recommendations for policies at regional level. Prime Contractor: Hulpverlening Gelderland Midden; Arnheim; Netherlands.
The project aims to provide a full-chain analysis related to impact of health protection measures related to priority pollutants as identified by the Environment and Health Action Plan (EHAP), to support the development of cost effective policy measures against pollution related diseases and their wider impacts. The project will achieve this through extending and further developing existing methodologies, models and data to provide an impact-pathway-based model for evaluation of the role of public health externalities on society. The model will be made operational for the selected compounds. Specifically, the objectives are related to the following pollutants: ozone, heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, lead), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and indoor air pollution. Since a number of these compounds is carried on particles, PM may be used for some analyses. Main deliverables from the project will include evaluation of a number of emission scenarios using a cost-benefit analysis and incorporating macro-economic modelling. A coherent set of methodologies covering the indicated priority pollutants will be developed and applied in this evolution. The project objectives will be achieved in 7 work packages. WP 1 will extend current policy-relevant emission scenarios to cover all the targeted pollutants or pollution situations, and will provide data on costs of measures. WPs 2 and 3 will review latest research and incorporate information on dose/exposure/concentration - response relationships for health and non-health benefit endpoints of the targeted pollutants. They will also provide monetary valuation data. Based on WPs 1-3 and on macroeconomic analyses done in WP6, WP 4 will develop an integrated tool for the cost benefit assessment, which will be implemented in WP5. WP5 will also expand datasets created in WPs 1-3 and 6 with environmental information, to provide coherent input into the modelling. Prime Contractor: Norsk institutt for Luftforskning; Kjeller; Norway.
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