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BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Mankind is approaching a crisis in energy generation and utilization. Traditional fossil fuel reserves are diminishing and legislative issues regarding CO2 emission will make use of existing lower grade reserves unattractive. New technologies have to be developed to satisfy the ever-increasing energy demand and to maximize efficient energy usage. The materials chemist, through the design of new materials with novel properties and by controlling interfacial interactions between materials, will play a crucial role in these endeavours and in enabling the paradigm shift that is required. This project is centred around two core and inter-related issues (i) energy generation from photovoltaics using sunlight and (ii) efficient lighting devices based on light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Both of these topics are areas of intense activity world-wide. Within Europe the PIs research group is one of the leaders in the field. However, as research efforts in these areas are proving successful and proof-ofprinciple systems are being established and optimized, a new factor needs to be addressed. State of the art photovoltaic devices based upon the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) most frequently utilize inorganic dyes comprising ruthenium complexes of oligopyridine ligands. The projected next generation mass market OLEDs and prototype LECs are based upon iridium complexes containing cyclometallated pyridine ligands. A traditional criticism of these approaches related to the costs of the raw materials although this is in reality low compared to the costs of other components. However, the price reflects in part the availability of these metals and in this respect devices based upon ruthenium (1 ppb by atom in Earth crust) or iridium (0.05 ppb by atom in Earth crust) are unsustainable. This project is concerned with the development of complexes based upon abundant and sustainable first row transition metals to replace second and third row transition metals in these devices. Initial efforts will centre upon complexes of copper(I) and zinc(II) which have well-established photochemistry and photophysics making them suitable for such applications. The PI has already established proof-of-principle for the replacement of ruthenium by copper in DSCs and is a world leader in this technology. The work on the two projects will involve (i) materials synthesis and characterization (ii) computational modelling (iii) device construction and testing and (iv) property optimization.
LEnSE is a research project that responds to the growing need in Europe for assessing a building's sustainability performance. The project draws on the existing knowledge available in Europe on building assessment methodologies. LEnSE aims to develop a truly holistic methodology that addresses the overall, integrating concept of sustainability. The main objective of LEnSE is to develop a methodology for the assessment of the sustainability performance of existing, new and renovated buildings, which is broadly accepted by the European stakeholders involved in sustainable construction. This methodology will allow for future labelling of buildings, in analogy with the Energy Performance Directive. The work should result in increased awareness of the European stakeholders and will allow adequate policy implementation on sustainable construction. The project consists of three main themes. The first theme is the identification and scope of the issues which need to be included in a sustainability assessment. This has to be wide enough to be acceptable and limited enough to be practicable. A broad consensus on these issues will be reached through strategic consultation of the relevant stakeholders. The second theme is the actual development of the assessment methodology. The content of the assessment will be developed for a limited, but representative range of key issues. Guidelines on how to address local variations will be provided. This work will be validated by the development of a prototype tool and tested on case study buildings. The key stakeholders on the European and national level will be highly involved in the development of the methodology, to guarantee a wide acceptance and implementation of the project results. These consultations will include national meetings with stakeholders and trans-national expert workshops. Thematic -stepping stone- publications, will serve as strategic reference and discussion documents for the stakeholder consultation rounds. Prime Contractor: Centre Scientifique et Technique de la Construction; Bruxelles; Belgium.
Kurzbeschreibung: Um die Bauzeit neuer, unterirdisch geführter Verkehrswege zu verkürzen und in einigen Fällen eine wirtschaftlich vertretbare Realisierung überhaupt zu ermöglichen, wird oft der Einsatz einer Tunnelbohrmaschine (TBM) angestrebt. Druckhaftes Gebirge kann, wenn in häufigen Intervallen oder entlang eines langen Streckenabschnittes angetroffen wird, die Wirtschaftlichkeit oder gar die Machbarkeit eines TBM-Vortriebes in Frage stellen. Ausgehend von grundlagenorientierten Forschungsergebnissen, die in den letzten Jahren an der ETH Zürich erhalten wurden, sollen beim vorliegenden Forschungsprojekt Entscheidungsgrundlagen erarbeitet und Hilfsmittel für die Projektierung bereitgestellt werden. Bei der Beurteilung der Machbarkeit eines maschinellen Vortriebes in einem konkreten Fall stützt sich der Projektingenieur auf Erfahrungen, Plausibilitätsüberlegungen und tunnelstatische Berechnungen. Die Arbeitspakete des Forschungsvorhabens tragen Rechnung diesen Grundlagen der Entscheidungsfindung. In einer ersten Phase werden die Erfahrungen aus ausgeführten Projekten, die im Schrifttum dokumentiert sind, aufgearbeitet und nach einheitlichen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt. Anschließend werden für die verschiedenen TBM-Typen die geotechnischen und verfahrenstechnischen Zusammenhänge verstanden, die spezifischen Gefährdungen und tunnelseitigen Lösungsansätze dargestellt, die relevanten Einflussfaktoren gegliedert und die zahlreichen Wechselwirkungen strukturiert und qualitativ analysiert. In einer dritten Phase, ausgehend von den bereits geleisteten Forschungsarbeiten der ETH Zürich, werden ausgewählte Fragestellungen vertieft studiert. Projektziele: Projektziele: Erarbeitung von Entscheidungsgrundlagen und Bereitstellung von Hilfsmitteln für die Projektierung von TBM-Vortrieben in druckhaftem Gebirge: - Aufarbeitung und einheitliche Darstellung von Erfahrungen aus ausgeführten Projekten, die im Schrifttum dokumentiert sind; - Verstehen der geotechnischen und verfahrenstechnischen Zusammenhänge, Darstellung der spezifischen Gefährdungen und der tunnelseitigen Lösungsansätze Gliederung der relevanten Einflussfaktoren und Strukturierung der zahlreichen Wechselwirkungen; - Herstellung von Nomogrammen, welche die einfache Ermittlung der für das Vermeiden eines Verklemmens des Schildes erforderlichen Vorschubkraft bzw. die Beurteilung der Gefahr 'Schildblockierung' ermöglichen und somit eine zweckmäßiges Hilfsmittel für die Projektierungsarbeit in der Praxis darstellen; - Gewinn von Erkenntnissen über die Vor- und Nachteile der verschiedenen Maschinentypen und Ausbaukonzepte je nach Tunneldurchmesser.
Objective: The Wave Dragon is a slack-moored wave energy converter of the overtopping type. It is by far the most powerful wave energy converter and at the same time one of the most energy efficient and economic devices under development today. Since March 2003 a 20kW scale 1:4.5 prototype of a 7MW Wave Dragon has been tested as the world's first floating grid connected wave energy converter. The project will develop the Wave Dragon technology further from the tested all steel-built 20kW prototype to a full size composite built 7MW unit and by testing validate the technical and economic feasibility. The RTD-part of the project will: - Develop Wave Dragon's energy absorbing structure, the low head turbine power take-off system and the control systems. An additional reservoir placed above the existing reservoir level will also be developed. The result of these changes to the overall design will be a significant increase in power production and a reduction in O&M cost. The development of the 7MW unit will be based on the knowledge base established through the tests with the 20kW prototype and the design process will comprise several innovative elements utilizing the O&M experience from the 20kW prototype tests. - Develop cost effective construction methods and establish the optimal combination of in situ cast concrete, post- stressed reinforcement and pre-stressed concrete elements - Develop new supplementary environmental friendly water hydraulic power take-off systems - Demonstrate reliable and cost effective installation procedures and O&M schemes - Establish the necessary basis for design codes and recommendations for floating multi MW wave energy converters. The test program will demonstrate the availability, power production predictability, power production capability and medium to long term electricity generation costs at 0.052EUR/kWh in a wave climate of 24kW/m, which could be found relatively close to the cost at the major part of the Atlantic coast.
The Municipalities of Stara Zagora and Varna will be the targets for a 2,5 year project by WECF and its NGO partners from Bulgaria and the Netherlands; the Earth Forever Foundation, the Institute of Ecological Modernization and WASTE and IRC Netherlands. The project receives financial support from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs MATRA programme. The Institute of Wastewater Management (TUHH) is supporting this project with respect to the introduction of ecological sanitation and extensive wastewater treatment technologies like planted soil filters. Workshops are given and technical knowledge regarding the design, construction and operation of these facilities is provided. This will help to improve the current situation in the villages and will provide an example for further distribution of appropriate wastewater management in Bulgarian villages. Currently, only a very small part of the population is connected to a central sewer system, which discharges the wastewater without any further treatment into the environment. The remaining families are depending on outdoor pit latrines, soakaways and septic tanks which are very often subject to clogging. Thus, overflowing and discharging of wastewater onto streets is a very common problem.
Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concretes (UHPFRC) are characterised by a very low water/binder ratio, high binder content and an optimized fibrous reinforcement. These new building materials provide the structural engineer with an unique combination of extremely low permeability, high strength and tensile strain hardening behaviour in the range of ductile metals (up to 0.2 Prozent at localization) and excellent rheological properties in fresh state. Recent research works with UHPFRC have demonstrated that these materials were perfectly well suited and best adapted for applications in composite UHPFRC-concrete structures. All this however was established for UHPFRC made with pure Portland cements. The rapidly growing interest for the use of these materials for new constructions or improvement of existing structures has triggered major industrial efforts to provide optimized UHPFRC recipes (binders and fibrous mix) from locally available components. More specifically, the optimization of the binders (type and content) and fibrous mix in such recipes would dramatically facilitate the penetration of these products on the market. On another hand, it is well known that the use of blended cements with mineral additions presents significant advantages for usual concretes and more recent ones such as self-compacting concretes,. Among those industrial by-products, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) appears to be a promising solution for use in UHPFRC, for its widely spread availability and excellent properties in fresh state and at long term as hydraulic binder. The objective of this research is to study UHPFRC mixes with binders containing high dosages of GGBFS, and to determine an appropriate amount of cement replacement by slag which does not compromise the excellent properties of UHPFRC achieved actually with pure Portland cement (high early age strength, low drying shrinkage, moderate autogenous shrinkage, significant viscoelasticity, tensile hardening behaviour and self-healing capacity). The project will involve (1) experimental studies performed on materials at early age and long term (2) theoretical modelling and numerical simulations, for various kinds of UHPFRC recipes with or without blended cements. The results will be directly beneficial to end users in the form of recommendations for the industrial development of 'green' UHPFRC recipes with high amounts of cement replacement by GGBFS. As such, benefits can be expected at three levels: economical, with cheaper UHPFRC materials, ecological with significant reduction of the gas emissions associated with cementitious materials with a high cement dosage, and societal with the emergence of a new family of green Advanced Cementitious Materials, adapted for the improvement of existing structures, in order to reduce dramatically the burden of multiple interventions during their service life, in a sustainable way.
Flowering time is strongly regulated by the circadian clock, which drives photoperiodic flowering. We recently explored natural allelic diversity of the clock in the dicot Arabidopsis and found a 'memory' of the proceeding environment. Furthermore, we showed that clock variation has a large role in directing flowering time under field conditions. Cloning of one circadian quantitative trait locus revealed variation at the flowering-time gene EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3). Here we will further explore allelic variation in clock genes to define key loci that direct photoperiodic flowering. Firstly, we will complete the construction of new Arabidopsis recombinant inbred populations derived from accessions originating from extremely differing latitudes, and map the genomes of these lines at kilobase resolution. These populations will be scored for variation in the clock and flowering time; dynamic correlations will be constructed. Together, components underling clock-gene variation that directs seasonal flowering will be identified. Secondly, we will examine the molecular genetics of circadian control of flowering in the monocot barley using existing and newly generated variation at barley ELF3. This gene is the likely direct regulator of the seasonality locus Ppd-H1. This second program should reveal dicot/monocot clock conservations and identify allelic variation at the circadian-clock gene ELF3 that could be directly used in barley breeding programs.
The aim of BioBuild is to use biocomposites to reduce the embodied energy in building facade, supporting structure and internal partition systems by at least 50Prozent over current materials with no increase in cost. This will lead to a step change in the use of sustainable, low carbon construction materials, by replacing aluminium, steel, FRP, brick and concrete in buildings. Facades are widely used in construction, primarily to protect and insulate the internal structure. Internal partitions are used to divide space, carry utilities and provide thermal and acoustic insulation. The current materials used such as aluminium, steel, brick and concrete are energy intensive to produce and have high embodied energy. FRP is an alternative construction material, benefitting from low weight, formability and simple manufacturing, allowing low material content structures and innovative design. However, typical resin and glass fibre are non-renewable, energy intensive to synthesise. Biocomposites overcome these drawbacks, whilst maintaining the benefits, being based on natural fibres and bioresins which have low embodied energy and cost. Biocomposites are renewable and sustainable resin and reinforcement structures. The resins in this project are furan and cashew nut oil based with reinforcing fibres of flax and jute. Bast fibres have lower environmental impacts than glass, concerning climate change and energy but have similar properties. Biocomposites are used commercially in automotive interior parts, but for outdoor applications they can degrade due to moisture absorption and bio-degradation. BioBuild will develop biocomposites and construction products with a life span of 40 years, by protecting the fibres with novel treatments and coatings. The result of the project will be a low cost, lightweight, durable and sustainable biocomposite building system, with full technical and environmental validation, offering low embodied energy construction materials.
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