This dataset contains physiological measurements from a controlled laboratory experiment on juvenile Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) conducted between June and August 2023 at the experimental greenhouse facility of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus Alpin, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, southern Germany. The plant material originated from a commercial nursery in Franconia, Germany, and consisted of three-year-old trees maintained under uniform conditions prior to the experiment. The experiment aimed to assess the physiological responses of P. menziesii to progressive drought and subsequent recovery under controlled environmental conditions. Two drought treatments (mild and severe) were applied over a four-week period, followed by a re-watering phase. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, molar flow, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis, conductance to water, and CO₂ exchange were recorded continuously using automated LI-COR gas exchange systems with separate branch (aboveground) and root (belowground) chambers. Each measurement is associated with a unique tree identifier, treatment level, and compartment. All timestamps are reported in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The dataset provides detailed observations suitable for examining drought stress responses and recovery dynamics in juvenile Pseudotsuga menziesii under controlled laboratory conditions.
Die Landwirtschaft steht in vielen Teilen Europas vor zwei großen Herausforderungen: Die zunehmende Verknappung des verfügbaren Bodenwassers und eine gleichzeitige Stickstoffreduktion, als Maßnahme die eine Verunreinigung des Grund- und Oberflächenwassers durch Nitrate verhindern soll. Beide Herausforderungen stehen in Wechselwirkung, da eine geringe Verfügbarkeit von Bodenwasser zum einen die Transpiration und die Massenfluss-getriebene Aufnahme von Nährstoffen wie Nitrat (NO3-) und Chlorid (Cl-) verringert. Im Gegenzug hat sich gezeigt, dass die Aufnahme, d. h. das Vorhandensein von NO3- und Cl- im Blatt, die stomatären Bewegungen beeinflussen und somit wiederum einen wichtigen Einfluss auf den Wasserverbrauch der Pflanzen haben. In dem geplanten Projekt soll die Beziehung zwischen dem NO3--zu-Cl--Verhältnis im Boden und der stomatären Bewegung an zwei Kulturpflanzen untersucht werden; der dikotylen Ackerbohne und dem Getreide Gerste. Beide Kulturen unterscheiden sich vermutlich hinsichtlich einer Abhängigkeit von NO3- und Cl- für die Regulierung der stomatären Leitfähigkeit, da der stomatäre Schluss in Gerste von apoplastischem NO3- abhängt, während diese Abhängigkeit bei dikotylen Pflanzen nicht gefunden wurde. Darüber hinaus ist nicht bekannt, ob Gersten- oder Ackerbohnenschließzellen die Aufnahme von NO3- gegenüber Cl- bevorzugen, um die stomatäre Öffnung voranzutreiben. Das Projekt soll den Einfluss des NO3--zu-Cl--Verhältnisses im Boden auf die Stomata in vier Arbeitspaketen (APs) untersuchen, in deren Umfang Versuche auf den Organisationsebenen der Gesamtpflanzen (AP1), von Organ-/Gewebeebene (AP2), auf Einzelzellebene (AP3) und abschließend an individuellen Transportproteinen (AP4) durchgeführt werden sollen. Im AP1 werden verschiedene NO3--zu-Cl--Verhältnisse im Boden mit der Fähigkeit unserer Modellpflanzen, die Stomata sowie die Hydratisierung des Blattes zu regulieren, in Beziehung gesetzt. In AP2 werden wir untersuchen, inwieweit unterschiedliche NO3--zu-Cl--Verhältnissen im Boden die Ionen-, Metaboliten- und Hormonkonzentration (ABA) im Blattapoplasten und im Schließzellsymplasten beeinflussen, während AP3 zeigen soll, in welchem Maße das Anionenangebot (NO3-, Cl-) die stomatären Bewegungen beeinflusst. Im Zuge dessen soll geprüft werden, ob Schließzellen der Ackerbohne und Gerste NO3- oder Cl- für die osmotischen Prozesse bevorzugen, die die stomatären Bewegungen antreiben. Schließlich werden wir uns im WP4 auf die Rolle von NPF-Transportern für der Aufnahme von NO3- und Cl- in Schließzellen sowie auf die Rolle der SLAC1-ähnlichen Anionenkanäle, die diese Anionen wieder aus den Schließzellen herausschleusen können, konzentrieren. Obgleich gezeigt wurde, dass SLAC1-ähnliche Kanäle eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulation der stomatären Bewegungen spielen, gibt es nur wenige Informationen über die Bedeutung einer NPF-vermittelten Aufnahme von NO3- und Cl- in die Schließzellen.
Seagrass meadows play a significant role in the formation of carbonate sediments, serving as a substrate for carbonate-producing epiphyte communities. The magnitude of the epiphyte load depends on plant structural and physiological parameters, related to the time available for epiphyte colonization. Yet, the carbonate accumulation is likely to also depend on the carbonate saturation state of seawater (Omega) that tends to decrease as latitude increases due to decreasing temperature and salinity. A decrease in carbonate accumulation with increasing latitude has already been demonstrated for other carbonate producing communities. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was any correlation between latitude and the epiphyte carbonate load and net carbonate production rate on seagrass leaves. Shoots from 8 different meadows of the Zostera genus distributed across a broad latitudinal range (27 °S to up to 64 °N) were sampled along with measurements of temperature and Omega. The Omega within meadows significantly decreased as latitude increased and temperature decreased. The mean carbonate content and load on seagrass leaves ranged from 17 % DW to 36 % DW and 0.4-2.3 mg CO3/cm**2, respectively, and the associated mean carbonate net production rate varied from 0.007 to 0.9 mg CO3/cm**2/d. Mean carbonate load and net production rates decreased from subtropical and tropical, warmer regions towards subpolar latitudes, consistent with the decrease in Omega. These results point to a latitudinal variation in the contribution of seagrass to the accumulation of carbonates in their sediments which affect important processes occurring in seagrass meadows, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and sediment accretion.
Specific leaf area (SLA) was determined for five vascular plant species of contrasting functional groups (evergreen tree, deciduous tree, herb, grass). Samples were collected in August 2018 in the Northern Black Forest, SW-Germany. Upon sampling, vascular plant leaves were put into plastic bags to avoid shrinkage. Leaves were kept cool and measured within 24 hours after return to the laboratory. Leaf petioles were cut off and excluded from surface area measurements (see protocol in Pérez-Harguindeguy et al. 2013). Leaf area was measured using a flatbed scanner. After area measurements were conducted, all individual samples were oven-dried at 70 °C for 48 hours and weighed. Species nomenclature followed Oberdorfer (2001).
Seed-based restoration is a promising approach to accelerate the slow natural recolonization of Zostera marina meadows. In this study, seed-based restoration was investigated through the injection of seeds into the sediment using syringes. Parallel laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the germination success over time under both simulated and natural field conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted in the climate chambers of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. Twelve replicate aquaria, each containing 6 boxes of 18 cm*13 cm*18 cm, were set up in a climate chamber. Each plastic box in the aquaria was filled with 6 cm of sandy sediment collected from sandbanks next to seagrass meadows in Falckenstein near Kiel (54°23'39.4N 10°11'23.6E). For sterilization, the sediment was autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes before use. Water was changed weekly, with approximately 30% replaced by filtered (50 μm and 5 μm filter cascade) Baltic Sea water with an ambient salinity ranging from 14-16 PSU. The chamber simulated field conditions typical for the season, with 12 hours of light per day and a temperature of 10°C. In each box, a seed amount equivalent to the weight of 100 Zostera marina seeds was sown, based on the average seed weight determined prior to the experiment. Seeds were collected at two sites in Laboe and Falckenstein (Kiel Fjord) in July 2023 by snorkelers and scientific divers (Laboe: 54° 24' 48.53 N, 10° 13' 29.91 E; Falckenstein: 54° 23' 31.36 N, 10° 11' 31.15 E). They were overwintered in climate cabinets in darkness at 4°C and a salinity of 32 PSU, where they rotated every 6 hours for 1 minute. Different treatment combinations were tested, involving the factors Sowing Method (syringe (100 ml) with agar medium or Hand-Sown), Sowing Depth (2 cm or 4 cm), Origin of Seeds (Falckenstein or Laboe), and Fertilization of the Sediment (from the beginning, after germination, or none at all). The Hand-Sown method served as a control. To this end, the box was filled with about 4cm autoclaved sandy sediment. Then the seeds were evenly distributed on the surface and covered with either 2 cm or 4 cm of sediment before being gently lowered into the aquarium. For the syringe treatment, seeds were injected into the sediment embedded in an agar medium prepared by cooking Baltic Sea water with 1.8% agar (Agar-Agar, BioScience Grade, pulv., Carl Roth). Each syringe contained 90 ml crumbly agar, 10 g autoclaved sediment, 100 seeds and depending on the treatment, either 1g charcoal powder, nutrients (P and N) or no further additions. For the nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio N:P = 16:1, 100 μL of nitrogen and 10 μL of phosphorus were used per 90 mL of agar. There were three timing treatments for "Timing of Nutrients in the Sediment". "Nutrients from Beginning", "Nutrients after Germination" and "no Nutrients". The treatment was the same for all boxes within one aquarium to avoid potential influence on the surrounding water. As fertilizer "osmocote Langzeitdünger 6 Monate" (N P 19+9) was used. In the boxes with "Nutrients from Beginning", two pellets were inserted with tweezers into the sediment directly after sowing. In the boxes with "Nutrients after Germination", the same treatment started on April 29, 2024, after many of the seedlings had already developed some green leaves. The seeds were sown on March 4, 2024, and from March 21 to May 25, 2024, emerging seedlings were counted three times per week. Seedlings with only cotyledons and seedlings with developed green leaves were counted together in the beginning and separately from April 24, 2024, onwards.
Urbanization affects ecological communities but urban ecology has mostly focused on large and charismatic species. Water-filled tree holes and other ephemeral small standing waters in cities constitute unique but inconspicuous breeding habitats for a range of insects. Their biodiversity is not well known and how their communities respond to increased urbanization in particular, has rarely been studied. Using a Citizen Science Project, we investigated how urbanization (measured as imperviousness, human population density and altered temperature), additional environmental parameters (pH, electric conductivity) and detritus serving as a food source affected larval insect communities in artificial aquatic microhabitats. We found that these habitats were colonized quickly by a range of insect taxa. Their community abundance, richness and decomposition rates were largely stable across different levels of urbanization. Fine detritus content increased larval abundance. Community composition shifted strongly with urbanization. The most abundant and frequent species in our study, the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus, responded negatively to imperviousness. Aquatic microhabitats could be shown to be important habitats for aquatic insects in cities. However, their community composition may change with increased urbanization. As our results showed, exotic species such as mosquitoes may dominate the communities in these habitats. In the case of vector species, high abundances may affect human and animal health via increased pathogen transmission. Therefore, we suggest raising awareness about potential risks of these habitats and possible measures preventing the establishment and spread of harmful species, while still supporting native biodiversity in urban spaces.
<p>Population of the cichory leaf miner fly (Phytomyza cichorii) was monitored in Belgian chicory fields using water traps between the years 1995 and 2024. This data was primarily used to inform farmers on when the legal economic damage threshold of this insect was crossed. Data was collected by placing three water traps within a field for 7 days. After 7 days the water traps were replaced and the number of female and male chicory miner flies were counted. Since 2025 the water traps have been replaced by sticky traps with algorithmic monitoring. Since this dataset contained 29 years of data it raised the question on how the population of the chicory miner fly was impacted by climatic changes over the last 29 years. Historic weather data was collected both using the KMI's Automatic weather station data for data prior to 2015 and the KMI's WOW-BE platform for weather data between 2016 and 2024. The original coordinate data revealed the names and plots of each farmer. Due to privacy reasons we contacted the farmers and they asked us to anonomize this data. Therefore we report the municipality data of the farms rather than the coordinate data.</p>
This vector dataset is based on a 10 m resolution raster dataset that shows forest canopy cover loss (FCCL) in Germany at a monthly resolution from September 2017 to October 2025. Results at pixel level were aggregated at municipality, district, and federal state level. For the results at administrative level we differentiate between deciduous and coniferous forests. We use the stocked area map 2018 (Langner et al. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3220/DATA20221205151218 ) as a reference forest mask. We differentiate between deciduous and coniferous forests by intersecting the stocked area map with a tree species map (Blickensdoerfer et al. 2024). Pixels of the classes birch, beech, oak, alder, deciduous trees with long lifespan and deciduous trees with short lifespan were classified as deciduous forest and pixels of the classes Douglas fir, spruce, pine, larch and fir as coniferous forest. The coverage of the two datasets is not identical, which is why a few areas of the forest reference map remained unclassified. These were filled with the dominant leaf type map of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS 2025). Therefore, the vector data at administrative level contains information about unclassified forest areas and the total forest area as the sum of deciduous, coniferous, and unclassified forests. The FCCL confidence at pixel level is lowest at the end of the time series because the number of repeated threshold exceedance is used as a criterion to record forest canopy cover losses. Therefore, we excluded August 2024 through October 2025 from the annual and overall statistics and summarized the respective FCCL as additional attribute. The dataset provides an update of the assessment in Thonfeld et al. (2026).
Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a plant pathogen of economic and ecologic importance. It is globally distributed in a wide range of forest, fruit, and ornamental trees and shrubs. In several areas of cherry and walnut production CLRV causes severe losses in yield and quality. With current reference to the rapid dissemination and strong symptom expression in Finnish birches and the Germany-wide distribution of CLRV in birches and elderberry, we continuously investigate and gradually reveal CLRV transmission pathways as by pollen, seeds or water. However, modes and interactions responsible for the wide intergeneric host transmission as well as for the exceptional CLRV epidemic in Fennoscandia still remain unknown. In this project systematic studies shall investigate biological vectors as a causal agent to finally derive control mechanisms and strategies to avoid new epidemics in different hosts and geographic regions. Detailed monitoring of the invertebrate fauna of birch stands/forests and elderberry plantations in Germany and Finland shall reveal potential vectors to subsequently study them in detail by approved virus detection methods and transmission experiments. Molecular analyses of the CLRV coat protein shall prove its role as a viral determinant for a virus/vector interaction. Consequently, this project essentially will contribute important answers on the CLRV epidemiology, and this will be a key element within the first network of research on plant viral pathogens in forest trees.
The vegetative propagation of ornamental plants depends on adventitious root formation (ARF) in cuttings, which is related to economic losses in horticulture. Based on the established microarray for transcriptome studies, a biochemical and a transformation platform, Petunia will be used to investigate the molecular physiological regulation behind environmental modulation of ARF in shoot tip cuttings. The concept relies on the fact that ARF depends on establishment of the new sink in the stem base and is restricted by competition with the shoot apex for assimilate and nutrient provision. Leaves are considered as potential source organs and auxin is expected to be a key factor. Project part A follows the hypotheses, that high nitrogen supply to donor plants and dark exposure of cuttings promote ARF by enhanced nitrogen remobilization within the cutting and enhanced translocation and accumulation of the signalling molecules auxin and nitric oxide. In part B it is hypothesized that ARF is restricted by phase specific deficiency of macro- and microelements, which can be met by targeted nutrient supply to the stem base during certain developmental stages. In particular, the role of nitrate and urea in homeostasis of phytohormones is regarded. In both project parts, analysis of auxin and cytokinin levels by GC- and LC-MS/MS will be complemented by histochemical localization of auxin activity via the DR5 auxin reporter. The regulatory role of components will be verified by physiological and pharmacological treatments and in transgenic Petunia with a modified expression of candidate genes.
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