This project is aimed at the characterization of the systemic reprogramming in barley, which modulates the compatible interaction with the biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei upon root infestation with the mutualistic endophyte Piriformospora indica. We have recently shown that the basidiomycete P. indica - upon successful establishment in the roots - reprograms barley to salt stress tolerance, resistance to root diseases and higher yield (Waller et al., 2005). Successful powdery mildew infections in barley leaves are also disturbed by the mutualistic fungus. These processes are associated with a strong change in plant metabolism, especially with a drastic alteration of leaf and root antioxidants. On the basis of these findings we will perform an in-depth analysis of the barley metabolome (B6) and transcriptome (B7) with two specific foci: First, to elucidate the process of establishment of the mutualistic fungus within the barley roots; second, to characterize elements of the systemic response in leaves leading to an interruption or failure of compatibility processes required for successful establishment of biotrophic leaf pathogens like Blumeria. New gene candidates will be pre-selected systematically for their regulatory role in compatibility by means of transiently transformed barley leaves upon Blumeria inoculation. Stable transgenic barley and maize lines (B3) generated with verified gene candidates and genes identified by other projects (A1, A2, B5, B6) will be tested with Blumeria and P. indica. By comparing candidate genes in the different plant - microbe systems, we will identify common regulatory processes, metabolites and metabolic networks implicated in compatibility including those required for successful interactions with mutualistic fungi.
Impactful knowledge generation and utilisation, aiming at addressing environmental and sustainability challenges, requires meaningful interaction between scientists, stakeholders, policymakers and society. This study identifies key success factors and challenges at the science-policy-practice interaction, drawing on document analysis, interviews, and workshops involving experts, policymakers, and funders of environmental and sustainability research and innovation across 14 European countries. Experiences from current practices highlight the highly variable contexts for interaction and communication throughout Europe, a diverse range of tools and approaches, and differing levels of available resources. Siloed structures and the need to engage various societal sectors and levels of governance remain significant challenges. The development and employment of expertise in communication, interaction and knowledge co-creation, capable to orchestrate this variability, is essential. Greater recognition of the diverse dimensions of inclusive participation is proposed to ensure that environmental and sustainability research and innovation, aimed at societal transformation, leaves no one behind. © 2026 Lyytimäki J et al.
Ground reference data are a prerequisite for the calibration, update and validation of land data assimilation systems facilitating large-scale crop monitoring based on Earth Observation data. Here, we provide a comprehensive database which was elaborated to test and validate the recently developed Earth Observation Land Data Assimilation System (EO-LDAS). In situ data was collected for seven crop types cultivated on the agricultural Gebesee test site (central Germany) in 2013 and 2014, i.e., winter barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, durum, winter rape, potato and sugar beet. The database contains information on the evolution of biophysical and biochemical plant parameters, phenology, leaf structure, soil moisture, atmospheric states and illumination conditions. In addition, surface reflectance was recorded with a field spectrometer. Data was collected with an approximately weekly resolution throughout the growing season. In addition, it was attempted to schedule days of field work according to the acquisition plans of RapidEye, SPOT5, Landsat 7 and 8, and on days with a high probability of low cloud coverage. Data was collected on up to three elementary sampling units (ESUs) per acreage. ESUs represent squares with a diagonal length of 24 m and consist of five secondary sampling points (SSPs). This experimental design permits an assessment of spatio-temporal variations of the investigated parameters. Coordinates of survey sites, nearby ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs) were recorded with a differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) which supports accurate geo-referencing of satellite images. The experimental design of the field campaigns, methods employed in the determination of all parameters, and meteorological conditions in the measurement period are described in detail in Truckenbrodt & Schmullius, 2017.
Seagrass meadows play a significant role in the formation of carbonate sediments, serving as a substrate for carbonate-producing epiphyte communities. The magnitude of the epiphyte load depends on plant structural and physiological parameters, related to the time available for epiphyte colonization. Yet, the carbonate accumulation is likely to also depend on the carbonate saturation state of seawater (Omega) that tends to decrease as latitude increases due to decreasing temperature and salinity. A decrease in carbonate accumulation with increasing latitude has already been demonstrated for other carbonate producing communities. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was any correlation between latitude and the epiphyte carbonate load and net carbonate production rate on seagrass leaves. Shoots from 8 different meadows of the Zostera genus distributed across a broad latitudinal range (27 °S to up to 64 °N) were sampled along with measurements of temperature and Omega. The Omega within meadows significantly decreased as latitude increased and temperature decreased. The mean carbonate content and load on seagrass leaves ranged from 17 % DW to 36 % DW and 0.4-2.3 mg CO3/cm**2, respectively, and the associated mean carbonate net production rate varied from 0.007 to 0.9 mg CO3/cm**2/d. Mean carbonate load and net production rates decreased from subtropical and tropical, warmer regions towards subpolar latitudes, consistent with the decrease in Omega. These results point to a latitudinal variation in the contribution of seagrass to the accumulation of carbonates in their sediments which affect important processes occurring in seagrass meadows, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and sediment accretion.
Specific leaf area (SLA) was determined for five vascular plant species of contrasting functional groups (evergreen tree, deciduous tree, herb, grass). Samples were collected in August 2018 in the Northern Black Forest, SW-Germany. Upon sampling, vascular plant leaves were put into plastic bags to avoid shrinkage. Leaves were kept cool and measured within 24 hours after return to the laboratory. Leaf petioles were cut off and excluded from surface area measurements (see protocol in Pérez-Harguindeguy et al. 2013). Leaf area was measured using a flatbed scanner. After area measurements were conducted, all individual samples were oven-dried at 70 °C for 48 hours and weighed. Species nomenclature followed Oberdorfer (2001).
Seed-based restoration is a promising approach to accelerate the slow natural recolonization of Zostera marina meadows. In this study, seed-based restoration was investigated through the injection of seeds into the sediment using syringes. Parallel laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the germination success over time under both simulated and natural field conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted in the climate chambers of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. Twelve replicate aquaria, each containing 6 boxes of 18 cm*13 cm*18 cm, were set up in a climate chamber. Each plastic box in the aquaria was filled with 6 cm of sandy sediment collected from sandbanks next to seagrass meadows in Falckenstein near Kiel (54°23'39.4N 10°11'23.6E). For sterilization, the sediment was autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes before use. Water was changed weekly, with approximately 30% replaced by filtered (50 μm and 5 μm filter cascade) Baltic Sea water with an ambient salinity ranging from 14-16 PSU. The chamber simulated field conditions typical for the season, with 12 hours of light per day and a temperature of 10°C. In each box, a seed amount equivalent to the weight of 100 Zostera marina seeds was sown, based on the average seed weight determined prior to the experiment. Seeds were collected at two sites in Laboe and Falckenstein (Kiel Fjord) in July 2023 by snorkelers and scientific divers (Laboe: 54° 24' 48.53 N, 10° 13' 29.91 E; Falckenstein: 54° 23' 31.36 N, 10° 11' 31.15 E). They were overwintered in climate cabinets in darkness at 4°C and a salinity of 32 PSU, where they rotated every 6 hours for 1 minute. Different treatment combinations were tested, involving the factors Sowing Method (syringe (100 ml) with agar medium or Hand-Sown), Sowing Depth (2 cm or 4 cm), Origin of Seeds (Falckenstein or Laboe), and Fertilization of the Sediment (from the beginning, after germination, or none at all). The Hand-Sown method served as a control. To this end, the box was filled with about 4cm autoclaved sandy sediment. Then the seeds were evenly distributed on the surface and covered with either 2 cm or 4 cm of sediment before being gently lowered into the aquarium. For the syringe treatment, seeds were injected into the sediment embedded in an agar medium prepared by cooking Baltic Sea water with 1.8% agar (Agar-Agar, BioScience Grade, pulv., Carl Roth). Each syringe contained 90 ml crumbly agar, 10 g autoclaved sediment, 100 seeds and depending on the treatment, either 1g charcoal powder, nutrients (P and N) or no further additions. For the nutrients, according to the Redfield ratio N:P = 16:1, 100 μL of nitrogen and 10 μL of phosphorus were used per 90 mL of agar. There were three timing treatments for "Timing of Nutrients in the Sediment". "Nutrients from Beginning", "Nutrients after Germination" and "no Nutrients". The treatment was the same for all boxes within one aquarium to avoid potential influence on the surrounding water. As fertilizer "osmocote Langzeitdünger 6 Monate" (N P 19+9) was used. In the boxes with "Nutrients from Beginning", two pellets were inserted with tweezers into the sediment directly after sowing. In the boxes with "Nutrients after Germination", the same treatment started on April 29, 2024, after many of the seedlings had already developed some green leaves. The seeds were sown on March 4, 2024, and from March 21 to May 25, 2024, emerging seedlings were counted three times per week. Seedlings with only cotyledons and seedlings with developed green leaves were counted together in the beginning and separately from April 24, 2024, onwards.
Urbanization affects ecological communities but urban ecology has mostly focused on large and charismatic species. Water-filled tree holes and other ephemeral small standing waters in cities constitute unique but inconspicuous breeding habitats for a range of insects. Their biodiversity is not well known and how their communities respond to increased urbanization in particular, has rarely been studied. Using a Citizen Science Project, we investigated how urbanization (measured as imperviousness, human population density and altered temperature), additional environmental parameters (pH, electric conductivity) and detritus serving as a food source affected larval insect communities in artificial aquatic microhabitats. We found that these habitats were colonized quickly by a range of insect taxa. Their community abundance, richness and decomposition rates were largely stable across different levels of urbanization. Fine detritus content increased larval abundance. Community composition shifted strongly with urbanization. The most abundant and frequent species in our study, the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus, responded negatively to imperviousness. Aquatic microhabitats could be shown to be important habitats for aquatic insects in cities. However, their community composition may change with increased urbanization. As our results showed, exotic species such as mosquitoes may dominate the communities in these habitats. In the case of vector species, high abundances may affect human and animal health via increased pathogen transmission. Therefore, we suggest raising awareness about potential risks of these habitats and possible measures preventing the establishment and spread of harmful species, while still supporting native biodiversity in urban spaces.
Leaflets of 26 accessions of species from subfamily Tribuloideae (Zygophyllaceae), using herbarium material, were sectioned after chemical fixation and embedding. For each section, the area of the mesophyll (M) tissue, bundle sheath (BS) tissue, and vascular tissue were measured, as well as the BS area, BS distance, and interveinal distance. The ratio of BS to M areas was also calculated. With a molecular phylogeny as a guide, these leaf anatomical traits, which are typically altered during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, were further investigated. The timespan is 2017-04-01 to 2018-04-30.
<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Leaf litter and other forms of plant litter are beside wood the ubiquitous results of terrestrial plant life. Based on a rough estimate, circa 260 billion tons of plant biomass are annually produced by green plants, which makes about 90 billion tons of cellulose, 50 billion tons of lignin and 50 billion tons of hemicellulose. It has been shown that fungi play an essential role in the carbon cycle of their habitats. They are involved in formation of soil humic matter and soil fine structure. Moreover, fungi (especially agaric) are most likely involved in the breakdown of the most recalcitrant moieties of the plant biomass (lignins and phenolic compounds). Identification of fungal genes and enzymes involved in the decay processes will be crucial for understanding this important ecophysiological process in forests and other ecosystems.</p>
<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Exhaustive sampling of the adult beech trees (over 10cm dbh) was done to harvest the leaf samples from all three exploratories and 30 experimental plots. Altogether 3614 beech trees (samples) were analysed using nuclear microsatellite markers.</p>
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