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Eine systematische Übersicht über Fragebögen aus Lärmwirkungsstudien

In Fragebogen-Untersuchungen zur Lärmwirkung wurden bisher sehr unterschiedliche Operationalisierungen von Wirkungsvariablen (wie z.B. Belästigung, Störung von Aktivitäten) und außer-akustischen Faktoren (sog. Moderatoren wie z.B. Lärmempfindlichkeit, misfeasance) verwendet. Deshalb hat sich die Arbeitsgruppe community response der International Commission on the Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN, Team No. 6) als langfristiges Ziel die Entwicklung von Fragebogen-Guidelines und die Formulierung eines Muster-Fragebogens für die Lärmwirkungsforschung gesetzt. D.h. es soll ein Vorschlag erarbeitet werden, in welcher Form globale und spezifische Lärmwirkungen in Befragungen erhoben werden sollten. Um dieses Vorhaben zu unterstützen, hat der Arbeitskreis Ökologische Lärmforschung die Erstellung einer systematischen Übersicht über vorhandene Fragebögen aus Lärmwirkungsstudien auf internationaler Ebene in Angriff genommen. Diese Übersicht soll es u.a. ermöglichen, die Struktur von verschiedenen Fragebögen sowie die in ihnen verwendeten Operationalisierungen für Lärmwirkungs- und Moderatorvariablen (hinsichtlich Art der Frageformulierung sowie der Antwortformate) zu vergleichen. Für den/die einzelne/n Lärmforscher/in bietet diese Übersicht die Möglichkeit, sich auf sehr effiziente Art und Weise darüber zu informieren, wie bestimmte Konstrukte in bisherigen Untersuchungen operationalisiert worden sind bzw. welche Alternativen zu den bereits selbst angewandten Operationalisierungen bestehen. Nach einer systematischen Ermittlung von Namen und Adressen einschlägiger Lärmforscher/innen, wurden diese um die Zusendung von Fragebögen sowie ergänzender Materialien aus eigenen Lärmwirkungsstudien gebeten. Die zugesandten Fragebögen werden gegebenenfalls übersetzt und mit der Methode der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Hierbei werden die Fragebögen im Hinblick auf formelle Aspekte (z.B. Jahr der Erhebung, Sprache, Art der Befragungsmethode) wie auch im Hinblick auf strukturelle Aspekte (z.B. Umfang des Fragebogens, abgefragte Variablengruppen, Antwortformate) ausgewertet. Hauptgegenstand der Auswertung ist aber insbesondere die Auswertung der Lärmwirkungsvariablen (z.B. die Abfrage der globalen Lärmbelästigung, Aktivitätenstörungen, Kommunikationsstörungen) sowie der Moderatorvariablen (z.B. Lärmempfindlichkeit, Lärmbewältigungsvermögen, misfeasance). Parallel dazu wurde eine Datenbank entwickelt, in der die Ergebnisse der Analysen dargestellt und verwaltet werden. Diese Datenbank wird ab November 2001 im Internet unter http://www.eco.psy.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/nqd für jede/n interessierte/n Forscher/in zugänglich und nutzbar sein. Langfristig ist darüber hinaus geplant, ein Archiv mit den Original-Fragebögen aufzubauen, in dem einzelne Fragebögen auf Wunsch eingesehen werden können.

ERA-NET - Development of test methods for non wood small-scale combustion plants

Non wood fuels for small-scale furnaces have attracted increasing interest in several European countries. New technological approaches are on the way, but the verification of any such developments is difficult and there is a large uncertainty about testing procedures and equipment. While for wood combustion standardized European measuring regulations are available and broadly applied, the testing of cereal fuel combustion is generally not following a commonly accepted procedure. Consequently the results of such measurements are not fully comparable. This applies particularly for the international level, which is here of particular relevance due to the fact that a combustion technology development for a niche application can only be economically viable if a sufficiently large marketing area can be taken into focus. The overall objective of the proposal is therefore to contribute through research to the development of uniform and comparable European procedures for testing of small-scale boilers up to a power out of 300 kW for solid biomass from agriculture like straw pellets and energy grain. The driving forces and barriers will be worked out; existing legal regulation for the installation (approval by the local authorities) in the participating countries will be collected. The state of the art of the non wood biomass boiler technology will be identified; the need for standardized tests for type approval tests and the measures to establish a European Standard will be shown. Measurement methods with special emphasis on efficiency and emissions will be worked out and the requirements and specifications of test fuels will be proposed. Test runs will be carried out following preliminary test procedures based on existing European standards for wood boilers. Based on the results of these test runs a draft for a Europe-wide uniform test procedure will be proposed. Preparatory work for a European standardization process including a round robin test will be done.

FP6-SUSTDEV, Reduction, modification and valorisation of sludge (REMOVALS)

The adoption of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC imposes the sewage sludge to be subsequently treated so it is expected by 2005 to increase twofold in comparison whit 1992. However, classical incineration to treat this vast amount of sludge must be no longer accepted from an environmental point of view. In addition, the Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC regulates the uses and properties of stabilised sludge for being either recycled or disposed. Both directives drive specific actions in two complementary ways. Firstly, a deep knowledge of current sludge treatment, such as mesophilic, thermophilic or autothermophilic processes, must be promoted to solve that problem in the UE ambit, taking in account the particular considerations of each treatment facility. In second place, the development of new processes must be supported to open new alternatives that could valorise that waste.The proposal aims at developing strategies for the disposal and reuse of waste sludge. The scope envisages to develop several processes for reducing both amount and toxicity of sludge, with simultaneous transformation into green energy vectors such as methane or hydrogen. In outline, mesophilic and mainly thermophilic and autothermophilic conditions will be deeply explored as classical alternatives for sludge stabilisation, assuring sanitary conditions of the treated sludge. Also, valuable materials will be obtained from sludge, such as activated carbons, which will be used in conventional adsorption processes and in innovative advanced oxidation processes.The main outcomes expected at the end of the projects are guidelines for technology selection in agreement with the geographic, economic and technical characteristics of the sewage plants, demonstration of the feasibility of new applications for the sewage sludge, manufacturing of activated carbon from sludge sewage as innovative recycling of sludge waste, and a deep understanding of the methods involved. Prime Contractor: Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.

FP6-POLICIES, Background Criteria for the Identification of Groundwater Thresholds (BRIDGE)

The Commission proposal of Groundwater Directive COM(2003)550 developed under Article 17 of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) sets out criteria for the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater, which is based on existing Community quality standards (nitrates, pesticides and biocides) and on the requirement for Member States to identify pollutants and threshold values that are representative of groundwater bodies found as being at risk, in accordance with the analysis of pressures and impacts carried out under the WFD. In the light of the above, the objectives of BRIDGE are: i) to study and gather scientific outputs which could be used to set out criteria for the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater, ii) to derive a plausible general approach, how to structure relevant criteria appropriately with the aim to set representative groundwater threshold values scientifically sound and defined at national river basin district or groundwater body level, iii) to check the applicability and validity by means of case studies at European scale, iv) to undertake additional research studies to complete the available data, v) and to carry out an environmental impact assessment taking into account the economic and social impacts. The project shall be carried out at European level, involving a range of stakeholders and efficiently linking the scientific and policy-making communities. Considering the requirement of the diary of the Groundwater Daughter Directive proposal, which implies that groundwater pollutants and related threshold values should be identified before December 2005 and listed by June 2006, the duration of the project should be 24 months. In that way the proposed research will contribute to provide research elements that will be indispensable for preparing discussions on further steps of the future Groundwater Directive. Prime Contractor: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Service Analyse et Caracterisation Minerale, Paris FR

Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP) 1144: Vom Mantel zum Ozean: Energie-, Stoff- und Lebenszyklen an Spreizungsachsen, Koordination des Schwerpunktprogrammes 1144 'Vom Mantel zum Ozean'

Ziel des Schwerpunktprogramms 1144 (SPP 1144) ist die interdisziplinäre und zeitlich-räumliche Erforschung des mittelozeanischen Spreizungssystems im Atlantik. Für diese Untersuchungen wurden zwei Gebiete (bei 15 Grad N und 4-11 Grad S) ausgewählt. Das Programm hat insbesondere zwei hoch-innovative Ansätze. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessen in diesen Gebieten durch den Einsatz verschiedenster Forschungsrichtungen, wie der Petrologie, Vulkanologie, Geodynamik, Geophysik, Hydrothermalismus, Mikrobiologie, Makrobiologie, Ozeanographie, Wasserchemie und Konvektionsmodellierung zu erfassen. Die Nutzung hochentwickelter ferngesteuerter Unterwasserfahrzeuge (ROV, AUV u.a.) für eine genaue Beobachtung und Beprobung des Meeresbodens. Nach den ersten vier erfolgreichen Jahren, beantrage ich hier die Infrastruktur, die nötig ist, um das Schwerpunktprogramm, inklusive aller Einzelanträge, so effektiv wie möglich und mit dem größtmöglichen wissenschaftlichen Output' zu Ende führen zu können. Hierzu werden drei grundsätzliche Bereiche benötigt: (1) ein Koordinationsbüro, um zwischen den verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen zu vermitteln und alle über die Abläufe innerhalb des SPP zu informieren, zur Koordination der Schiffseinsätze und der Workshops und zur Einbindung des SPP in die große InterRidge Gemeinschaft und Aktivitäten; (2) technisches Personal, das notwendig ist, um die Tiefsee-Technologien jederzeit für Einsätze zur Untersuchungen der Spreizungachsen zur Verfügung stellen zukönnen, (3) Datenmanagment, um alle Beteiligten des SPP mit allen verfügbaren Informationen zu versorgen und um alle Ergebnisse des SPP in eine umfassende Datenbank zusammenzuführen.

Resolving the impact of climatic processes on ecosystems of the North Atlantic basin and shelf seas: Integrating and advancing observation, monitoring, and prediction (BASIN)

The scale of influence of global change and the added value of co-ordinating the scientific activities of the EU and North American countries to assess, predict and mitigate the effects on marine ecosystems of the North Atlantic and their services is the justification for the development of the BASIN SSA. An important step towards such a co-ordinated approach is the development of an implementation plan where by jointly funded international projects can be supported. The development of such a plan is the first key goal of BASIN. The second goal of BASIN is to develop an integrated basin-scale North Atlantic research program, for submission to the EU 7th framework program, US NSF and Canadian NSERC for joint funding. Programmatic goals will be achieved in working groups including experts from both the EU and North America as well as delegates from funding organisations. As a prerequisite for the development of the research proposal, this SSA will (1) assess the status of climate related ecosystem research in the North Atlantic basin and associated shelf seas, (2) identify gaps in systematic observations and process understanding of atmospheric and oceanic parameters, (3) identify the potential for consolidation of long-term observations from EU and international databases for modelling and prediction. The BASIN research program will focus on: Resolving the natural variability, potential impacts and feedbacks of global change on the structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems; Improving the understanding of marine ecosystem functioning; Developing ecosystem based management strategies. Hence, BASIN will contribute significantly to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) 10-Year Implementation Plan via the development of comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained observations of the Earth System, improved monitoring of the state of the Earth, increased understanding of Earth processes, and enhanced prediction.

FP6-POLICIES, Asessing the potential of various instruments for sutainable consumption practises and greening of the market (ASCEE)

The main objectives are : - to identify, structure and assess instruments addressing and promoting sustainable consumption and greening of the market; - to identify and evaluate best practice examples; - to develop policy strategies for transferring best practices; - to carry out a workshop; - to finalise insights by preparing a guideline for policy makers; - to prepare a scientific report and a summary. After a prephase connected with an internal kick-off meeting, the first phase analyses policy instruments, measures and actions and the gained experiences in WP 2 ' Basic instrumental overview . The instrumental overview is intended to be of a broader nature to collect insights into existing, but also discussed, proposed and/or rejected tools which have lead or could lead to a greening of the markets by addressing supply and/or demand. We will concentrate on promising tools and actions. The gained and collected information will be assessed along certain criteria developed beforehand in WP 3 'Assessment . WP 4 'Best practises and market transformation patterns will bring together the most instructive findings and consider what could be learned from them. The key question behind that approach is to look for the patterns behind successful greening strategies. The second phase is dedicated to the potentials for transferring of the results and their dissemination. WP 5 'Extension and transfer strategies picks up the results of the preceding work. It considers the findings and prepares strategies for the transfer of promising approaches. Results and proposals will be documented and discussed at a one-day workshop (WP 6 'Workshop ) which will collect insights, opinions and experiences of a broader auditorium. The discussion and results of the workshop will be documented and will contribute to the update of the preliminary findings. WP 7 'Dissemination brings together all findings and insights. Here we will prepare guidelines, a report, including a summary. Prime Contractor: Institut für Ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung GgmbH; Berlin; Germany.

Progress - Promotion and Growth of Renewable Energy Sources and Systems

The objectives of PROGRESS are to provide the European Commission with: - an updated analysis and assessment of the deployment of RES for electricity production and the progress achieved following the adoption of the RES-E directive. - An updated analysis and assessment of the deployment of RES for heat production and transport purposes and of the progress towards achieving the overall 12Prozent target. - Analysis and assessment of policy developments and how policies affect the development of RES, hereby an overview of administrative, grid and other relevant barriers. The analyses of the barriers will cover national, regional and local level. - Analysis of the status of guarantee of origin in Member States and a proposal of common rules. Project leader: Ecofys ( Netherland).

FP6-SUSTDEV, Co-ordination Action to define new research lines on Life- Cycle Analysis for sustainability (CALCAS)

LCA approaches are part of the broader field of sustainability assessment often connected to different disciplines. To increase the efficacy of sustainability decision making, LCA is to take into account broader externalities, broader interrelations and different application/user needs with often conflicting requirements (dynamic models; integration of environmental, economic, and social aspects; accessibility and user friendliness, etc). Roughly, development should be oriented to: - 'deepening', to improve reliability and usability by more adequately incorporating empirical mechanisms - 'broadening', to improve the significance, by expanding the scope of sustainability impacts and better linking to neighbouring models - 'leaping forward' by a revision/enrichment of foundations, through the crossing with other disciplines for sustainability evaluation. CALCAS develops analysis and development along two lines: 1 science framework; 2 user needs (Industry, Research organisations, Government, Consumers, NGOs); the results, are crossed to draw up mid- long-term research lines and road maps, including measures for implementation. Advanced results will often not be in line with the current ISO14040 series definitions and requirements on LCA, creating a need for reformulation. Partnership combines LCA 'producers' and 'users' and involves, with different responsibilities, a significant and highly qualified part of European scientists. Thus, the project promotes the networking both 'cross', among the scientific sectors, and 'vertical' between them and users. Expert working groups, cross-fertilisation workshops, and an open consultation of all scientific sectors and users, based on a Blue Paper combining intermediate proposals are inputs to the final results, both as described models and tools and as research tasks to be accomplished. They also promote dissemination and joint actions for training, knowledge exchanges and common projects. Prime Contractor: Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia elL'Ambiente; Roma; Italy.

FP6-SUSTDEV, Integration of Associated Candidate Countries and New EU Member States in European Research Area by Environmental approaches (ERA-ENV)

The aim of this Specific Support Action (SSA) is to enhance the participation of research organizations and SMEs from new Members States and Candidate Countries in FP6 and 6.3. Thematic Priority. The proposed activities will: - actively promote the research competencies on environment in ACC (at least 200 research organisations from ACC will be promoted); - train research and SMEs representative on issues related to FP6 and 'Global Changes and Ecosystems' (11 training sessions organized and up to 240 researchers trained); - allow to promote FP6/Global Changes and Ecosystems to research community and SMEs (2,750 brochures, 5,000 leaflets, 2,750 CDs, one web page, monthly E- newsletters, one European Conference); - allow to support researchers/SMEs in proposals elaboration and submission (up to 20 proposals with ACC partners); - allow to establish partnerships between organizations from Member States and ACC (one big Brokerage Event will be organized in Romania). ERA-ENV mobilises the skills and competencies of relevant organisations from 7 European Countries, of which 2 are Member States (Austriaand Germany), 2 are new Member States (Hungary and Slovakia) and 3 are Candidates Countries (Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey). Prime Contractor: Fiman Development Services S.A.a; Bucurestii 2; Romania.

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