Das Projekt "Species discrimination of plant roots by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenbau.Comprehension of belowground competition between plant species is a central part in understanding the complex interactions in intercropped agricultural systems, between crops and weeds as well as in natural ecosystems. So far, no simple and rapid method for species discrimination of roots in the soil exists. We will be developing a method for root discrimination of various species based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)-Attenuated Total Reflexion (ATR) Spectroscopy and expanding its application to the field. The absorbance patterns of FTIR-ATR spectra represent the chemical sample composition like an individual fingerprint. By means of multivariate methods, spectra will be grouped according to spectral and chemical similarity in order to achieve species discrimination. We will investigate pea and oat roots as well as maize and barnyard grass roots using various cultivars/proveniences grown in the greenhouse. Pea and oat are recommendable species for intercropping to achieve superior grain and protein yields in an environmentally sustainable manner. To evaluate the effects of intercropping on root distribution in the field, root segments will be measured directly at the soil profile wall using a mobile FTIR spectrometer. By extracting the main root compounds (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) and recording their FTIR-ATR spectra as references, we will elucidate the chemical basis of species-specific differences.
Das Projekt "Biopores in the subsoil: Formation, nutrient turnover and effects on crops with distinct rooting systems (BioFoNT)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Bonn, Institut für Organischen Landbau.Perennial fodder cropping potentially increases subsoil biopore density by formation of extensive root systems and temporary soil rest. We will quantify root length density, earthworm abundance and biopore size classes after Medicago sativa, Cichorium intybus and Festuca arundinacea grown for 1, 2 and 3 years respectively in the applied research unit's Central Field Trial (CeFiT) which is established and maintained by our working group. Shoot parameters including transpiration, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence will frequently be recorded. Precrop effects on oilseed rape and cereals will be quantified with regard to crop yield, nutrient transfer and H2-release. The soil associated with biopores (i.e. the driloshpere) is generally rich in nutrients as compared to the bulk soil and is therefore supposed to be a potential hot spot for nutrient acquisition. However, contact areas between roots and the pore wall have been reported to be low. It is still unclear to which extent the nutrients present in the drilosphere are used and which potential relevance subsoil biopores may have for the nutrient supply of crops. We will use a flexible videoscope to determine the root-soil contact in biopores. Nitrogen input into the drilosphere by earthworms and potential re-uptake of nitrogen from the drilosphere by subsequent crops with different rooting systems (oilseed rape vs. cereals) will be quantified using 15N as a tracer.
Das Projekt "Oekologische Probleme ausgewaehlter Entwicklungslaender Ostafrikas und agraroekologische Entwicklungsplanung in Tansania, Ruanda und anderen Laendern" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Kuebel-Stiftung. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Heidelberg, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Umweltschutz.Praktische agraroekologische Entwicklungsberatung in ostafrikanischen Laendern, theoretische Erforschung der agraroekologischen und -oekonomischen Grundprobleme in Entwicklungslaendern.
Das Projekt „Erdbeobachtung in Afrika: Kapazitätsentwicklung für den Erhalt von Ökosystemen und ihren Leistungen“ (EOCap4Africa) zielt darauf ab, die Fähigkeiten zukünftiger Wissenschaftler*innen und Naturschutzmanager in der Anwendung von Fernerkundungsdaten für den Schutz und die nachhaltige Nutzung von Ökosystemen zu stärken. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit vier afrikanischen Partnerinstituten (Ghana, DRC, Ruanda, Botsuana) aus dem Hochschulbereich wird ein Lehrplan für ein fernerkundliches Mastermodul, mit einem Fokus auf Feuchtgebietsmonitoring, entwickelt.
Das Projekt "Dynamic (redox) interfaces in soil - Carbon turnover in microbial biomass and flux into soil organic matter" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Department Umweltbiotechnologie.Existing models of soil organic matter (SOM) formation consider plant material as the main source of SOM. Recent results from nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of SOM and from own incubation studies, however, show that microbial residues also contribute to a large extent to SOM formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the soil mineral sur-faces are covered by numerous small patchy fragments (100 - 500 nm) deriving from microbial cell wall residues. We will study the formation and fate of these patchy fragments as continuously produced interfaces in artificial soil systems (quartz, montmorillonite, iron oxides, bacteria and carbon sources). We will quantify the relative contributions of different types of soil organisms to patchy fragment formation and elucidate the effect of redox con-ditions and iron mineralogy on the formation and turnover of patchy fragments. The develop-ment of patchy fragments during pedogenesis will be followed by studying soil samples from a chronosequence in the forefield of the retreating Damma glacier. We will characterize chemical and physical properties of the patchy fragments by nanothermal analysis and microscale condensation experiments in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results will help understanding the processes at and characteristics of biogeochemical interfaces.
Das Projekt "Untersuchungen zur Oekologie und Systematik der Myomorpha des tropischen Afrika" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst / Fritz-Thyssen-Stiftung / Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart - Zentrum für Biodiversitätsforschung.Im tropischen Afrika kommen ca. 180 Arten Myomorpha (mausartige Nagetiere i.w.S.) vor, deren Oekologie bis vor ca. 30 Jahren nahezu unerforscht war. Im Rahmen mehrerer Forschungsvorhaben seit 1963 wurden und werden schwerpunktmaessig die Gebiete Zaire und Rwanda bearbeitet; ferner Uganda, Kenia, Tanzania, Nord- und Suedsudan, Aethiopien. Dabei werden die Biome Feuchtsavanne, montane Gebiete und tropischer Regenwald und die darin enthaltenen Biotope auf die charakteristischen Myomorpha-Arten und deren habitatmaessige Zusammensetzung untersucht. Spezielle Fragen gelten der Ernaehrung, der Fortpflanzung und der Populationsdynamik. Ausserdem werden die Beziehungen zum Menschen, besonders in landwirtschaftlicher und medizinisch-hygienischer Hinsicht untersucht.
Das Projekt "Establishment of Teak plantations for high-value timber production in Ghana" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich für Weltforstwirtschaft und Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft des Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit.Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation
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Das Projekt "Forest-Climate Projects KWAMP and PAPSTA (Rwanda)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: International Fund for Agricultural Development. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: GFA Envest GmbH.Aim of the assignment was to undertake a feasibility study within the Kirehe 'Community Based Watershed Management Project' (KWAMP) and the 'Project for the Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture' (PAPSTA) do qualify as CDM projects according to the regulations of the Kyoto protocol. Services provided: Clarification of the additionality for both projects; Determination whether the projects can be implemented as Programme of Activities (PoA); Revision and improvement of technical mechanisms for monitoring, for continued support to the establishment of agroforestry systems, and for sharing monetary incentives with participating farmers; Assessment of the carbon finance opportunities for the planned small-scale biogas fermenters; Development of the Carbon Finance Documents for both projects based on the standard of the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank.
Das Projekt "Oekologisch angepasste Landnutzung in den Feuchttropen Ostafrikas: Projet Agricole et Social Interuniversitaire Mainz/Butare (Rwanda)" wird/wurde gefördert durch: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst / Ministerium des Innern und für Sport Rheinland-Pfalz. Es wird/wurde ausgeführt durch: Universität Mainz, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Geographisches Institut.Ziel der Forschungsarbeit im Projekt ist die oekologisch angepasste Intensivierung der kleinbaeuerlichen Landwirtschaft Rwandas mit Hilfe der Methoden des Standortgerechten Landbaus ('Oekologischer Landbau', 'Agroforstwirtschaft'). Hierzu werden seit 1985 gemeinsam mit Kollegen von der Faculte d'Agronomie der Universite Nationale du Rwanda Langzeitversuche auf Modellfeldern in Butare/Rwanda durchgefuehrt. Derzeitige Forschungsschwerpunkte sind: - Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Integration unterschiedlicher Agroforstbaumarten in die landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flaeche; - Optimierung der Umsetzung der von Baeumen und Hecken produzierten Biomasse; - Verbesserung des Erosionsschutzes mit biologischen Methoden (z.B. alley cropping mit Leguminosenhecken); - Feinanpassung des Systems an die Erfordernisse der Kleinbauern.
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