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The Commission proposal of Groundwater Directive COM(2003)550 developed under Article 17 of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) sets out criteria for the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater, which is based on existing Community quality standards (nitrates, pesticides and biocides) and on the requirement for Member States to identify pollutants and threshold values that are representative of groundwater bodies found as being at risk, in accordance with the analysis of pressures and impacts carried out under the WFD. In the light of the above, the objectives of BRIDGE are: i) to study and gather scientific outputs which could be used to set out criteria for the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater, ii) to derive a plausible general approach, how to structure relevant criteria appropriately with the aim to set representative groundwater threshold values scientifically sound and defined at national river basin district or groundwater body level, iii) to check the applicability and validity by means of case studies at European scale, iv) to undertake additional research studies to complete the available data, v) and to carry out an environmental impact assessment taking into account the economic and social impacts. The project shall be carried out at European level, involving a range of stakeholders and efficiently linking the scientific and policy-making communities. Considering the requirement of the diary of the Groundwater Daughter Directive proposal, which implies that groundwater pollutants and related threshold values should be identified before December 2005 and listed by June 2006, the duration of the project should be 24 months. In that way the proposed research will contribute to provide research elements that will be indispensable for preparing discussions on further steps of the future Groundwater Directive. Prime Contractor: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Service Analyse et Caracterisation Minerale, Paris FR
Das Forschungsprojekt ENTRACTE bewertet das klimapolitische Portfolio der EU. Während das Europäische Emissionshandelssystem (EU ETS) eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Förderung des Übergangs in eine kohlenstoffarme Wirtschaft spielt, kann eine wesentliche Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen erst erreicht werden, wenn das EU-ETS verbessert und durch ergänzende Maßnahmen unterstützt wird. Ein sorgfältig durchdachtes politisches Konzept muss weitere bestehende Marktverzerrungen neben Klimaexternalität, suboptimalen Ergebnisse bei internationalen Abkommen, der Notwendigkeit einer gesicherten Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Reduzierung von Verlagerungseffekten ( carbon leakage ) sowie die Koexistenz und die Interaktion mit einigen anderen politischen Zielen berücksichtigen. ENTRACTE untersucht das EU ETS und ergänzende Politikinstrumente Energieeffizienzstandards, Förderung erneuerbarer Energien, Besteuerung von CO2-Emissionen, Innovationspolitik und handelspolitische Maßnahmen. ENTRACTE erarbeitet ein tieferes Verständnis der Interaktion von klimapolitischen Instrumenten und anderen damit verbundenen Politikmaßnahmen. Die reale Welt und ihre Unvollkommenheiten werden ebenso wie praktische Barrieren (Informationsasymmetrie, Unsicherheit, politische und gesetzliche Auflagen, verhaltensökonomische Aspekte) bei der Umsetzung umfassend berücksichtigt.ENTRACTE integriert empirische Erkenntnisse aus Ex-post-Evaluierungen unter Anwendung eines breiten Spektrums an empirischen Daten sowie Ex-ante-Analysen mit Simulationsmodellen und experimentellen Ansätzen mit theoretischen Erkenntnissen, um den Policy-Mix zu optimieren. Durch die projektweite Harmonisierung der Hypothesen und Szenarien im gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Politikumfeld, kann ENTRACTE einen integrierten Ansatz anwenden und schafft damit eine Synthese von Forschungsergebnissen, die Stärken und Schwächen der verschiedenen Instrumenten-Mixe zum Vorschein bringt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen kann ENTRACTE politischen Entscheidungsträgern praktisch anwendbare Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung eines ökologisch wirksamen, ökonomisch effizienten und politisch und gesetzlich durchführbaren Policy-Mix geben, um die mittelfristigen und langfristigen Reduktionsziele für Treibhausgasemissionen in Europa zu erreichen.
EXPEER will bring together, major observational, experimental, analytical and modelling facilities in ecosystem science in Europe. By uniting these highly instrumented ecosystem research facilities under the same umbrella and with a common vision, EXPEER will form a key contribution to structuring and improving the European Research Area (ERA) within terrestrial ecosystem research. EXPEER builds on an ambitious plant for networking research groups and facilities. The joint research activities will provide a common framework and roadmap for improving the quality, interaction and individual as well as joint performance of these infrastructures in a durable and sustainable manner. EXPEER will provide a framework for increased use and exploitation of the unique facilities through a strong and coordinated programme for Transnational Access to the infrastructures. Extensive outreach and collaboration with related networks, infrastructures as well as potential funding bodies will ensure that EXPEER will contribute with its key experiences to the shaping and designing of future research networks and infrastructures, and that it has full support from all stakeholders in reaching its long-term objectives. The establishment of the EXPEER Integrated Infrastructure will enable integrated studies of the impacts of climate change, land use change and loss of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems through two major steps: 1. Bringing together the EXPEER Infrastructures to enable collaboration and integration of observational, experimental and modelling approaches in ecosystem research (in line with the concept developed in ANAEE); 2. Structuring existing network of ecosystem observational, monitoring and experimental sites across Europe (LTER-Europe). Through its integrated partnership, uniting both the experimental, observational, analytical and modelling research communities, EXPEER has the multidisciplinary expertise and critical mass to integrate and structure the European long-term ecosystem research facilities providing improved services and benefits to the whole research community as well as the society in general.
Objective: Energy from Biomass needs highly efficient small-scale energy systems in order to achieve cost effective solutions for decentralized generation especially in Mediterranean and Southern areas, and for applications without adequate heat consumer. Thus fuel cells are an attractive option for decentralized generation from biomass and agricultural residues but they have to meet at least two outstanding challenges: 1. Fuel cell materials and the gas cleaning technologies have to treat high dust loads of the fuel gas and pollutants like tars, alkalines and heavy metals. 2. The system integration has to allow efficiencies of at least 40-50 percent even within a power range of few tens or hundreds of kW. This proposal addresses in particular these two aims. Hence the first part of the project will focus on the investigation of the impact of these pollutants on degradation and performance characteristics of SOFC fuel cells in order to specify the requirements for appropriate gas cleaning system (WP 1-2). These tests will be performed at six existing gasification sites, which represent the most common and applicable gasification technologies. WP 3 will finally test and demonstrate the selected gas cleaning technologies in order to verify the specifications obtained from the gasification tests. The results will be used for the development, installation and testing of an innovative SOFC - Gasification concept, which will especially match the particular requirements of fuel cell systems for the conversion of biomass feedstock. The innovative concept comprises to heat an allothermal gasifier with the exhaust heat of the fuel cell by means of liquid metal heat pipes. Internal cooling of the stack and the recirculation of waste heat increases the system efficiency significantly. This so-called TopCycle concept promises electrical efficiencies of above 50 percent even for small-scale systems without any combined processes.
Objective: The ECOWAMA Project proposes a new eco-efficient closed cycle management model for the treatment of effluents of the metal and plastic surface processing industry (STM). Such STM waste water is extensively contaminated with oils and greases, organic loading, a salt fraction and especially with heavy metals (e.g. nickel, copper, zinc and others). Hence STM enterprises have high interest on efficient, cost-effective and sustainable treatment of their effluents. ECOWAMAs approach combines wastewater treatment with recovery of ultrapure water, highly valuable metals and energy. Therefore an environmental friendly, effective and innovative system will be developed including Electrocoagulation, Electrooxidation and Electrowinning technologies. Additionally hydrogen produced during Electrocoagulation/Electrooxidation processes will be used to deal as feed for fuel cells to generate electricity which reduces the energy demand of the whole process. Pre- and post-treatment will be carried out to remove oils/greases and conductivity. The heavy metals will be separated from the waste water stream through an electro-precipitation process. After metal dissolution from precipitation sludge a novel electrowinning process using novel electrodes, optimised geometry and process management will reduce the dissolved metal ions to a solid aggregate state with high purity. The outcome of this is a valuable raw material that can be easily sold or reused for STM operations. Due to the extremely high level of prices for metals at the global market ECOWAMAs participants and post-project clients will have strong economic benefits beside the positive environmental impacts of the process.
Objective: The science of complex systems distinguishes linear from non-linear dynamics. Simpler systems can often be satisfactory described by linear models, but complex systems require non-linear models that can capture more of the characteristics of such systems, such as thresholds, feedback loops, avalanche effects, and irreversibility. Linear systems can be validated by aligning models to the past and using the model to predict the future. Non-linear systems, however, are often time-asymmetric - they can be explained with the wisdom of hindsight, but are not always predictable. For example, systems may respond sharply to minor perturbations, and the quality of this response is a measure of the system resilience. In practice, non-linear dynamics are significant both at the micro-scale of small history and at the macro-scale of deep time. The brilliant young scientist, for example, may experience a series of epiphanies that change his/her understanding and behaviour in an unpredictable and irreversible way. The scientific community as a whole may experience an innovation-cascade that has a similar effect on a much larger scale. Current models of climate change and carbon emission assume the immediate past is a reasonable guide to the future. They struggle to represent the complex causal structures and time-asymmetries of many socio-natural systems. COMPLEX will integrate the quasi-classic models of meso-scale processes with our best understanding of fine-grained space-time patterns and the system-flips that are likely to occur in the long interval between now and 2050. We believe the sub-national region is the key point of entry for studying climate change and its cause-effect interrelations. It is small enough to be sensitive to local factors, large enough to interact with supra-national agencies and stable enough to be historically and culturally distinctive. In addition to undertaking case studies in Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain and Italy, We will develop a suite of modelling tools and decision-support systems to inform national and supra-national policy and support communities across Europe working to make the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Objective: The overall objective of the FlameSOFC project is the development of an innovative SOFC-based micro-CHP system capable to operate with different fuels and fulfilling all technological and market requirements at a European level. The main focus concerning t he multi-fuel flexibility lies on different natural gas qualities and LPG, but also on liquid fuels (diesel like heating oil, industrial gas oil IGO and renewables like FAME). The target nominal net electrical output is 2 kWel (stack electrical output ca. 2,5 kW), which is expected to represent the future mainstream high volume mass market for micro-CHPs. An advanced planar, compact SOFC-stack will be developed and combined with an innovative, compact and robust fuel processor, which will be able to process many different fuels without catalytic components, thus enabling the potential for a long lifetime of greater than 30.000 h. A simple, highly integrated and reliable system design will result via the integration of advanced peripheral components like the advanced T hermal Partial Oxidation reformer (T-POX), the multi-purpose off-gas burner, the compact heat exchangers, the cool flame vaporizer and the soot trap. Advanced control strategies will assure an optimal integration in an electrical network environment. The o verall efficiency targets are greater than 35 percent net electrical efficiency and greater than 90 percent total CHP efficiency, which will result in 2 tons of annual CO2 reduction per unit (compared to the combination of a condensing boiler and European electricity mix). The SOFC fuel cell technology will be applied because it is less sensitive to impurities and variations in the fuel composition than other fuel cell systems and has a better cost reduction potential than other fuel cell types. The high temperature level of the SOFC tec hnology gives also a better integration potential in co- or tri-generation applications. The main target application is a micro CHP system for single or two-family residential homes with electrical grid connection.
Das Projekt AGRINERGY zielt darauf ab, politischen Entscheidungsträgern Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, wie Umweltpolitik, die gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) und die europäische Bioenergiepolitik zukünftig stärker miteinander in kohärente Abstimmung gebracht werden können. Hierfür werden die Auswirkungen der EU Politik im Bereich Bioenergie auf ländliche Entwicklung sowie auf Landwirtschaft und Umwelt analysiert. Das Projekt leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag für politische Entscheidungen sowie für weiterführende Diskussionen und Forschung. Ecologic ist als Projektkoordinator an allen fachlichen Berichten des Projektes beteiligt. Hierzu gehört ein umfassender Bericht über die derzeitige Bioenergienutzung in Europa und einige Hintergrundpapiere. Des Weiteren werden drei 'Policy Briefs' zu Strategien zur Vermeidung von Umweltproblemen bei der Biomasseproduktion und zu den Fragen, wie Wissenstransfer und Informationen für ländliche Räume gefördert werden und wie Standards für eine nachhaltige Bioenergienutzung in Agrar- und Welthandelspolitik einfließen kann, erstellt. Darüber hinaus ist Ecologic verantwortlich für die Organisation und Durchführung von zwei Veranstaltungen. Ein Expertenseminar im November 2007 soll dafür genutzt werden, eine gemeinsames Verständnis zu den Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Politikfeldern und Themenbereichen, die von der Bioenergiepolitik betroffen sind, zu entwickeln und zu ersten übereinstimmenden Ergebnissen zu kommen. Eine sich im Mai 2008 anschließende Konferenz mit Verantwortlichen aus relevanten Politikfeldern sowie Vertretern internationaler Konventionen, von Nichtregierungsorganisationen und aus Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft, soll insbesondere die Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Landwirtschaft, dem Energie- und dem Umweltsektor herausstellen.
Objective: Changes in climatic conditions, land use practices and soil and sediment pollution have large-scale adverse impacts on water quantity and quality. The current knowledge base in river basin management is not adequate to deal with these impacts. Austere is both integrating and developing knowledge to resolve this and disseminating it to stakeholders. In the water cycle, soil is a key element affecting groundwater recharge and the chemical composition of both subsurface and surface waters (the latter is additionally affected by sediments). The proper functioning of the river-sediment-soil-groundwater system is linked to key biogeochemical processes determining the filter, buffer and transformation capacity of soils and sediments. Austere aims at a better understanding of the system as a whole by identifying relevant processes, quantifying the associated parameters and developing numerical models of the groundwater-soil-sediment-river system to identify adverse trends in soil functioning, water quantity and quality. The modelling addresses all relevant scales starting from micro-scale water/solid interactions, the transport of dissolved species, pollutants as well as suspended matter in soil and groundwater systems at the catchments scale, and finally the regional scale, with case studies located in major river basins in Europe. With this integrated modelling system, Austere provides the basis for improved river basin management, enhanced soil and groundwater monitoring programs and the early identification and forecasting of impacts on water quantity and quality during this century. Austere is committed to the dissemination and exploitation of project results through structured workshops, dedicated short courses, and the active participation of consortium partners in national and international conferences. A peer review panel supervises the quality and direction of the project.
AMAZALERT will enable raising the alert about critical feedbacks between climate, society, land-use change, vegetation change, water availability and policies in Amazonia. We will: 1) analyze and improve coupled models of global climate and Amazon, land use, vegetation and socio-economic drivers to quantify anthropogenic and climate induced land-use and land cover change and non-linear, irreversible feedbacks among these components 2) assess the role of regional and global policies and societal responses in the Amazon region for altering the trajectory of land-use change in the face of climate change and other anthropogenic factors and finally 3) propose i) an Early Warning System for detecting any imminent irreversible loss of Amazon ecosystem services, ii) policy response strategies to prevent such loss. We first prioritise the functions of Amazonia and threats to these. We then will analyse uncertainties in biogeochemistry, land cover (vegetation), land-use change and regional hydrology, as well as nonlinear responses and feedbacks using existing and new simulations from state of the art models in which land surface is coupled to global climate. The way in which policies and possible future response strategies of policy makers, trade and economy will affect land-use change will be modelled. This will lead to (A) understanding the impact on and effectiveness of a range of international and regional policy options, including REDD+; and (B) identification of both biophysical and socio-economic indicators of irreversible change. AMAZALERT integrates the multidisciplinary knowledge and research of world-renowned, highly influential climate, land cover, land use change scientists and also policy analysts from 14 European and South-American institutions that have been collaborating for 10 to 30 years. Thus, this project can achieve maximum impact on EU (2020 climate goals), international and South-American strategies, including REDD
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