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Community-mediated mechanisms to stabilize pollination of agricultural production highly dependent on shrinking honey bee populations under global change

Almond in California represents an agroecosystem pollinated solely by a single species, the European honey bee, a species that is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to manage due to substantial, unpredictable mortality. Therefore, sustainable and high output production require a more integrated approach that diversifies sources of pollination. For this purpose, detailed data of our understanding how diversity can stabilize pollination are required. The project will identify alternative wild pollinator species and collect high quality data contributing to our understanding of how diversity (pollen and insects) can bolster honey bee pollination during stable and unstable climatic conditions. The research will be carried out on almond orchards in Northern California known to be either pollinator species rich (up to 30 species) or depauperate (honey bees only). The replicated extremes in pollinator diversity represent a unique opportunity to study the effects of diversity on pollination in real agroecosystems combined with laboratory and glasshouse experiments. The overall goal is to provide basic research that is essential for our general understanding of how insect diversity can affect high-quality pollination under land use and climate change.

Flower visitor interactions in 2007, Schwäbische Alb

<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Specialisation of flower visitors is compared across grasslands along a gradient of land use intensity. We focus on resource-based mechanisms that may determine flower visiting insect communities in different habitats. We analyze flower diversity and abundance as well as pollinator diversity and abundance and flower visiting rates of pollinators in order to measure possible variation between differently used sites. Moreover, we will characterize the degree of specialisation on species and community level (pollinator networks; Blüthgen et al. 2007).</p>

Flower-visiting insect intercations in grasslands, 2008

<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Specialisation of flower visitors is compared across grasslands along a gradient of land use intensity. We focus on resource-based mechanisms that may determine flower visiting insect communities in different habitats. We analyze flower visiting rates of pollinators in order to measure possible variation between differently used sites. Moreover, we characterize the degree of specialisation on species and community level (pollinator networks; Blüthgen et al. 2007).</p>

Förderung von Winter-Linden als wichtige Träger der Biodiversität in Mittel- und Hochwäldern

InsectScale - Bee species data (2008)

<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Ecosystem services like pollination are affected by a variety of factors in agricultural used landscapes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of land use intensity, local management and landscape structure on pollination services of bees.</p>

InsectScale - Floral visits on plants (2008)

<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Ecosystem services like pollination are affected by a variety of factors in agricultural used landscapes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of land use intensity, local management and landscape context on the abundance and diversity of flower visiting wild bees and hoverflies.</p>

InsectScale - Flower Cover (2008)

<p>Original data comes from a project which takes or took place as part of the DFG priority program "Exploratories for large-scale and long-term functional biodiversity research". The data is stored together with descriptive metadata, in combination called a dataset, in the project repository (https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de). Species information was extracted from that original dataset. The second paragraph is part of the metadata of the original dataset.</p><p>Ecosystem services like pollination are affected by a variety of factors in agricultural used landscapes. In this study we used standardised phytometers to investigate the effects of land use intensity and landscape context on pollination services.</p>

Biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in small vs. large scale agriculture

Biodiversity conservation cannot rely on protected areas alone, as sustainable conservation requires strategies for managing whole landscapes including agricultural areas. Organic farming in Germany may contribute strongly to the protection of biodiversity and to sustainability of agriculture through enhancing ecosystem services. However, the effectiveness of this agri-environmental management is highly dependent on landscape structure. The main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of organic cereal management in small vs. large scale agriculture through measure of the diversity of plants and arthropods and associated ecosystem services, such as seed predation, insect predation, aphid parasitism and pollination. Pairs of organic and conventional winter wheat fields will be selected in small vs. large scale agricultural landscapes along the former inner German border, i.e. in West vs. East Germany. This study design enables a unique experiment, where it would be possible to disentangle the effects of landscape composition and configuration heterogeneities in the same study region and to study how these affect the effectiveness of organic management. The detailed analyses of the expected valuable data could provide significant results (published in high ranked, international scientific journals), and contribute to the development of the existing

Ecological valuation of crop pollination in traditional Indonesian homegardens

Traditional Indonesian homegardens harbour often high crop diversity, which appears to be an important basis for a sustainable food-first strategy. Crop pollination by insects is a key ecosystem service but threatened by agricultural intensification and land conversion. Gaps in knowledge of actual benefits from pollination services limit effective management planning. Using an integrative and agronomic framework for the assessment of functional pollination services, we will conduct ecological experiments and surveys in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We propose to study pollination services and net revenues of the locally important crop species cucumber, carrot, and eggplant in traditional homegardens in a forest distance gradient, which is hypothesized to affect bee community structure and diversity. We will assess pollination services and interactions with environmental variables limiting fruit maturation, based on pollination experiments in a split-plot design of the following factors: drought, nutrient deficiency, weed pressure, and herbivory. The overall goal of this project is the development of 'biodiversity-friendly' land-use management, balancing human and ecological needs for local smallholders.

Bienen, Wespen und ihre Gegenspieler im Kaffeeanbau auf Sulawesi: Bestaeubungserfolg, Interaktionen, Habitatbewertung

Der Einfluss der Landnutzungsintensität auf die Artenvielfalt von Bienen und Wespen und ihren natürlichen Gegenspielern und die damit verbundenen ökologischen Funktionen sollen in Kaffee-Anbausystemen Sulawesis untersucht werden. Dazu erfolgt ein Vergleich von 30 Kaffee-Anbauflächen mit großen Unterschieden in der Nutzung, floristischen Vielfalt (Baumdiversität und prozentuale Baumdeckung) und in abiotischen Parametern (relative Lichtintensität, Temperatur und relative Luftfeuchte). Die Erfassung der Blütenbesucher sowie der solitären Bienen und Wespen in Nisthilfen erlaubt eine Charakterisierung des Artenreichtums. Die relative Bedeutung der solitären und sozialen Bienen für die Blütenbestäubung und den Fruchtansatz beim Kaffee wird durch Experimente geklärt. Weiterhin soll auch die Ausprägung der Interaktionen zwischen den Nisthilfe-Besiedlern und ihren Gegenspielern mit der Landnutzung in Verbindung gebracht werden. Ergänzende Versuche zielen auf die Ressourcennutzung der Bienen (Pollenanalyse), die Ansiedlung sozialer Bienen in Nisthilfen und die Messung der Sammelzeiten von Bienen (Polleneintrag) und Faltenwespen (Eintrag schädlicher Schmetterlinge). Die GIS-gestützte Erfassung der Landschaftsstruktur soll zeigen, ob lokale ökologische Prozesse nicht nur von der Landnutzung, sondern auch von der Struktur der Umgebung, insbesondere von der Entfernung zu angrenzenden Lebensräumen beeinflusst werden.

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