The European Initiative HBM4EU aimed to further establish human biomonitoring across Europe as an important tool for determining population exposure to chemicals and as part of health-related risk assessments, thus making it applicable for policy advice. Not only should analytical methods and survey design be harmonized and quality assured, but also the evaluation of human biomonitoring data. For the health-related interpretation of the data within HBM4EU, a strategy for deriving health-based human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for both the general population and workers was agreed on. On this basis, HBM-GVs for exposure biomarkers of 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), phthalates (diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and bis-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP)), bisphenols A and S, pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin), solvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one (NEP), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)), the heavy metal cadmium and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were developed and assigned a level of confidence. The approach to HBM-GV derivations, results, and limitations in data interpretation with special focus on the pyrethroids are presented in this paper. © 2023 The Authors
Mykotoxine Formel: CAS-Nummer: Erläuterung:
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found contaminant in cereals and cereal-based products. As a German contribution to the European Joint Programme HBM4EU, we analysed the total DON concentration (tDON) in 24-h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). In total, 360 samples collected in 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021 from young adults in Muenster (Germany), were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) after enzymatic deconjugation of the glucuronide metabolites. tDON was found in concentrations above the lower limit of quantification (0.3 (micro)g/L) in 99% of the samples. Medians of the measured concentrations and the daily excretion were 4.3 (micro)g/L and 7.9 (micro)g/24 h, respectively. For only nine participants, urinary tDON concentrations exceeded the provisional Human biomonitoring guidance value (HBM GV) of 23 (micro)g/L. Urinary tDON concentrations were significantly higher for male participants. However, 24-h excretion values normalized to the participant's body weight did not exhibit any significant difference between males and females and the magnitude remained unchanged over the sampling years with exception of the sampling year 2001. Daily intakes were estimated from excretion values. Exceedance of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1 (micro)g/kg bw per day was observed for less than 1% of all participants. TDI exceedances were only present in the sampling year 2001 and not in more recent sampling years while exceedance of the HBM guidance value was also observed in 2011 and 2021. © 2023 The Authors
Epidemiology of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of spring barley is relatively little understood. In a five-year study, we assessed quantitative resistance to FHB in an assortment of 17 spring barley genotypes in the field in southern Germany. To this end, we used soil and spray inoculation of plants with F. culmorum and F. avenaceum. This increased disease pressure and provoked genotypic differentiation. To normalize effects of variable weather conditions across consecutive seasons, we used a disease ranking of the genotypes based on quantification of fungal DNA contents and multiple Fusarium toxins in harvested grain. Together, this allowed for assessment of stable quantitative FHB resistance of barley in several genotypes. Fungal DNA contents were positively associated with species-specific Fusarium toxins in single years and over several years in plots with soil inoculation. In those plots, plant height limited FHB; however, this was not observed after spray inoculation. A multiple linear regression model of recorded weather parameter and fungal DNA contents over five years identified time periods during the reproductive phase of barley, in which weather strongly influenced fungal colonization measured in mature barley grain. Environmental conditions before heading and late after anthesis showed strongest associations with F. culmorum DNA in all genotypes, whereas for F. avenaceum, this was less consistent where we observed weather-dependent associations, depending on the genotype. Based on this study, we discuss aspects of practical resistance breeding in barley relevant to improve quantitative resistance to FHB and associated mycotoxin contaminations. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
As one of the core elements of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) a human biomonitoring (HBM) survey was conducted in 23 countries to generate EU-wide comparable HBM data. This survey has built on existing HBM capacity in Europe by aligning national or regional HBM studies, referred to as the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. The HBM4EU Aligned Studies included a total of 10,795 participants of three age groups: (i) 3,576 children aged 6-12 years, (ii) 3,117 teenagers aged 12-18 years and (iii) 4,102 young adults aged 20-39 years. The participants were recruited between 2014 and 2021 in 11-12 countries per age group, geographically distributed across Europe. Depending on the age group, internal exposure to phthalates and the substitute DINCH, halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), cadmium, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arsenic species, acrylamide, mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol (total DON)), benzophenones and selected pesticides was assessed by measuring substance specific biomarkers subjected to stringent quality control programs for chemical analysis. For substance groups analyzed in different age groups higher average exposure levels were observed in the youngest age group, i.e., phthalates/DINCH in children versus teenagers, acrylamide and pesticides in children versus adults, benzophenones in teenagers versus adults. Many biomarkers in teenagers and adults varied significantly according to educational attainment, with higher exposure levels of bisphenols, phthalates, benzophenones, PAHs and acrylamide in participants (from households) with lower educational attainment, while teenagers from households with higher educational attainment have higher exposure levels for PFASs and arsenic. In children, a social gradient was only observed for the non-specific pyrethroid metabolite 3-PBA and di-isodecyl phthalate (DiDP), with higher levels in children from households with higher educational attainment. Geographical variations were seen for all exposure biomarkers. For 15 biomarkers, the available health-based HBM guidance values were exceeded with highest exceedance rates for toxicologically relevant arsenic in teenagers (40%), 3-PBA in children (36%), and between 11 and 14% for total DON, Summe (PFOA + PFNA + PFHxS + PFOS), bisphenol S and cadmium. The infrastructure and harmonized approach succeeded in obtaining comparable European wide internal exposure data for a prioritized set of 11 chemical groups. These data serve as a reference for comparison at the global level, provide a baseline to compare the efficacy of the European Commission's chemical strategy for sustainability and will give leverage to national policy makers for the implementation of targeted measures. © 2023 The Authors
One of the aims of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative, HBM4EU, was to provide examples of and good practices for the effective use of human biomonitoring (HBM) data in human health risk assessment (RA). The need for such information is pressing, as previous research has indicated that regulatory risk assessors generally lack knowledge and experience of the use of HBM data in RA. By recognising this gap in expertise, as well as the added value of incorporating HBM data into RA, this paper aims to support the integration of HBM into regulatory RA. Based on the work of the HBM4EU, we provide examples of different approaches to including HBM in RA and in estimations of the environmental burden of disease (EBoD), the benefits and pitfalls involved, information on the important methodological aspects to consider, and recommendations on how to overcome obstacles. The examples are derived from RAs or EBoD estimations made under the HBM4EU for the following HBM4EU priority substances: acrylamide, o-toluidine of the aniline family, aprotic solvents, arsenic, bisphenols, cadmium, diisocyanates, flame retardants, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], lead, mercury, mixture of per-/poly-fluorinated compounds, mixture of pesticides, mixture of phthalates, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3. Although the RA and EBoD work presented here is not intended to have direct regulatory implications, the results can be useful for raising awareness of possibly needed policy actions, as newly generated HBM data from HBM4EU on the current exposure of the EU population has been used in many RAs and EBoD estimations. © 2023 The Author(s)
A fundamental objective of the human biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU) is to progress toward comparable and robust exposure data for a wide variety of prioritized chemicals in human samples. A programme for Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) was designed in HBM4EU with the purpose of creating a network of European laboratories providing comparable analytical data of high quality. Two approaches were chosen for two sets of prioritized chemicals with different timelines: (i) Scheme 1, where interested candidate laboratories participated in multiple rounds of proficiency tests (ii) Scheme 2, where selected expert laboratories participated in three rounds of interlaboratory comparison investigations. In both cases, the results were used to identify laboratories capable of generating consistent and comparable results for sample analysis in the frame of HBM4EU. In total, 84 laboratories from 26 countries were invited to participate in Scheme 1 that covered up to 73 biomarkers from Hexamoll® DINCH, phthalates, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), organophosporous flame retardants (OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cadmium, chromium and aromatic amines. 74 of the participants were successful for at least one biomarker in Scheme 1. Scheme 2 involved 22 biomarkers and successful results were obtained by 2 expert laboratories for arsenic, 5 for acrylamide, 4 for mycotoxins, 2 for pesticides and 2 for UV-filters in skin care products. The QA/QC programme allowed the identification of major difficulties and needs in HBM analysis as well of gaining insight in the analytical capacities of European laboratories. Furthermore, it is the first step towards the establishment of a sustainable European network of HBM laboratories. © 2021 The Authors
Schmied, A.; Marske, L.; Berger, M.; Kujath, P.; Weber, T.; Kolossa-Gehring, M. Int J Hyg Environ Health 252 (2023), 114198; online: 11. Juni 2023 The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found contaminant in cereals and cereal-based products. As a German contribution to the European Joint Programme HBM4EU, we analysed the total DON concentration (tDON) in 24-h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). In total, 360 samples collected in 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, and 2021 from young adults in Muenster (Germany), were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) after enzymatic deconjugation of the glucuronide metabolites. tDON was found in concentrations above the lower limit of quantification (0.3 mug/L) in 99% of the samples. Medians of the measured concentrations and the daily excretion were 4.3 mug/L and 7.9 mug/24 h, respectively. For only nine participants, urinary tDON concentrations exceeded the provisional Human biomonitoring guidance value (HBM GV) of 23 mug/L. Urinary tDON concentrations were significantly higher for male participants. However, 24-h excretion values normalized to the participant's body weight did not exhibit any significant difference between males and females and the magnitude remained unchanged over the sampling years with exception of the sampling year 2001. Daily intakes were estimated from excretion values. Exceedance of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1 mug/kg bw per day was observed for less than 1% of all participants. TDI exceedances were only present in the sampling year 2001 and not in more recent sampling years while exceedance of the HBM guidance value was also observed in 2011 and 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114198
Ein Lernangebot für Kinder. Der giftigste Pilz in unseren Wäldern So sieht der Grüne Knollenblätterpilz aus. Er wächst gerne unter Eichen und kommt nicht nur im Wald, sondern auch in Parks vor. Auch von diesem Pilz solltest du die Finger lassen: Er heißt "Pantherpilz", kommt in Laub- und Nadelwald vor und verursacht bei Menschen Atemlähmungen. Auch wenn er nicht so aussieht: Der Violette Lacktrichterling ist essbar. Für Giftmörder ist er die ideale Waffe. Allein sein Name jagt Pilzkennern einen Schauer über den Rücken. Und in Pilzbestimmungsbüchern ist sein Foto immer mit einem Totenkopf verziert. Der giftigste Pilz in unseren Wäldern hört auf den Namen "Grüner Knollenblätterpilz". Wenige Bissen von seinem Fleisch können einen Erwachsenen in drei Tagen umbringen. Was macht den Pilz so gefährlich? Jeder Knollenblätterpilz enthält hochgiftige Stoffe, die lebenswichtige Organe in unserem Körper zerstören. Die Konzentration des Giftes im Pilz ist so hoch, dass schon ein paar Gramm Pilzfleisch für eine tödliche Pilzvergiftung reichen. Besonders tückisch aber ist dabei, dass die Symptome für die Vergiftung erst viele Stunden nach der Pilzmahlzeit auftreten können. Das Gift breitet sich unbemerkt im Körper aus und wenn das Opfer merkt, was passiert ist, ist es schon zu spät. Warum sind manche Pilze giftig? Pilzgifte sind ein wirksamer Schutz davor, gefressen zu werden. Im Laufe ihrer Evolution haben manche Pilze Gifte entwickelt, mit denen sie ihre Fressfeinde fernhalten konnten. Allerdings halten solche Strategien meist nicht lange vor, denn auch die Fressfeinde entwickeln sich weiter. Manche Insekten oder Schnecken haben sich an das Gift bestimmter Pilze angepasst, so dass sie sie gefahrlos fressen können. Für andere Tiere kann derselbe Pilz tödlich sein.
Das Projekt "GO-Bio 2: AGRO-PROTECT: Weiterentwicklung einer Antikörper-vermittelten Resistenz Plattform" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie durchgeführt. Die Weltbevölkerung wird nach Schätzungen der Bevölkerungsabteilung der Vereinigten Nationen noch bis 2025 auf über 8 Milliarden steigen. Gleichzeitig soll es zu einer Reduktion der Agrarfläche um bis zu 30 Prozent kommen. Es wird bis dahin nicht wie im Moment ein Verteilungsproblem, sondern ein Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln vorliegen. Neue Agrarfläche wird nur sehr begrenzt erschlossen werden können und ist zumeist ökologisch z.B. durch Brandrodung von Urwaldgebieten nicht vertretbar. Eine Lösung bietet die Grüne Biotechnologie. Insbesondere durch Generierung von Trocken-, Salz- und Pathogenresistenten Nutzpflanzen. Wir haben eine innovative, patentierte Plattform entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe man Pflanzen unempfindlich gegen Schadpilze machen kann, um einen Beitrag zur Lösung solcher Probleme zu leisten. Die Plattform umfasst die Entwicklung von Antikörper vermittelten Pathogen resistenten Nutz- und Zierpflanzen. Dabei werden antifugale Peptide/Proteine mit Antikörperfragmenten fusioniert und in der Zielpflanze exprimiert, was zu einer Resistenz der Nutzung gegen das Pathogen führt. Diese Serviceleistung soll durch die neu zu gründende Agro-Protect GmbH Saatgut Unternehmen, wie Monsanto, Syngenta, DSV, Bayer und BASF angeboten werden. In der Phase I dieses Antrages soll ein Prototyp (Phytophthora infestans resistente Kartoffelpflanze) entwickelt werden, um diesen dann den oben aufgeführten Firmen zum Kauf bzw. in Lizenz (Sortenschutz) anzubieten (Phase II). Die erwarteten Einnahmen sollen zur Finanzierung der Entwicklung weiterer pathogen resistenter Pflanzen und damit zur Schaffung neuer innovativer, zukunftssicherer Arbeitsplätze in Deutschland verwendet werden. Die Produktion des Saatguts und der Vertrieb an den Landwirt soll in der Anfangsphase durch bestehende Netzwerke der Saatgut Firmen weltweit übernommen werden. Das Geschäftsmodel verschafft allen Beteiligten der Wertschöpfungskette und dem Endverbraucher Vorteile. Saatguthersteller können mit geringerer Resistenzbildung rechnen. Dem Landwirt werden höhere Ertragssicherheit, günstigere Produktionskosten und geringere Resistenzbildung garantiert. Und der Endverbraucher kann mit geringeren Kontaminationen von Spritzmitteln und Mykotoxinen rechnen.
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